Relaciones interpersonales

2-83. The Army organizes, trains, and equips to fight and win the nation’s wars. The leadership, organization, equipment, discipline, and skill gained in training for war are also useful in MOOTW. SF units conduct or support collateral activities in MOOTW using these inherent capabilities learned in performing their primary missions. When directed to perform a collateral activity, SF commanders may acquire specialized equipment or modify their training programs to prepare for the assigned task. Collateral activities in which SF may participate include coalition support, CSAR, counterdrug (CD) activities, humanitarian demining (HD) activities, foreign HA, SA, and special activities.

COALITION SUPPORT

2-84. Coalition support improves the interaction and interoperability of coalition partners and U.S. military forces. SF personnel are well-suited for carrying out coalition support because of the skills they hone in the conduct of UW operations and because of their regional orientation and cultural awareness. SF has proved invaluable in supporting efforts to form or execute coalition support activities and operations. Examples where SF has organized coalition support teams—now called SFLEs—include Operations DESERT STORM, DESERT SHIELD, UPHOLD DEMOCRACY, SUPPORT DEMOCRACY, and JOINT ENDEAVOR. These SFLEs collocated with military forces of coalition partners and provided key U.S. C4I links to the coalition partners. The operations enabled and orchestrated multinational operations by military units not trained in interoperability with U.S. forces.

SF’s execution of this collateral activity has been critical in successful completion of these and subsequent multinational operations involving U.S.

military forces.

2-85. Accompanying SFLEs advise their foreign counterparts on U.S.

military intentions and capabilities, provide training, provide global positioning systems downlinks, and secure communications between the supported forces. The SFLEs also confirm the situation on the ground, assist in fire support planning, and enable overall coordination between U.S. forces and their coalition partners. Appendix C explains the importance of establishing rapport in SFLE relationships with a foreign nation.

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COMBAT SEARCH AND RESCUE

2-86. CSAR is a subordinate mission under PR, an umbrella term that encompasses many different missions—such as CSAR, joint CSAR, and UAR.

CSAR consists of reporting, locating, identifying, recovering, and repatriating isolated personnel to friendly control. Technically speaking, a single Service or functional combatant component conducts CSAR—for example, SF conducting CSAR to rescue isolated SOF personnel. Joint CSAR involves CSAR by two or more components because the mission requirements exceed the capability of a single component—for example, SOF working with joint force air component (JFAC) combat aircraft in joint CSAR to rescue a downed pilot. The term CSAR often refers to both missions.

2-87. The JFC normally tasks each component to perform CSAR in support of its own operations. As such, the responsibility for the recovery of SOF personnel falls first to the joint force special operations component commander (JFSOCC). Because of this responsibility, CSAR capabilities are often organic in SF missions, sometimes in the form of dedicated CSAR helicopters. CSAR is a collateral activity for SF, which means a capability is available to the JFC, although SF is not specifically manned, trained, or equipped to conduct CSAR. SF has CSAR capability because of its inherent capabilities to conduct its principal missions, such as the UW mission of UAR and the DA mission of recovery operations.

2-88. The JFC normally exercises control of CSAR or joint CSAR operations through the JSRC as a part of his staff or through a designated component commander, often the joint force air component commander (JFACC). Many times, the JSRC is established as part of the JFACC’s staff. The JSRC is the primary search and rescue (SAR) facility to plan, coordinate, and execute joint CSAR operations. SF may be tasked to conduct joint CSAR by the JFC by a tasking passed from the JSRC to the JFSOCC. SF conducts joint CSAR operations on a case-by-case basis; however, joint CSAR taskings will be at the expense of core SF mission readiness and capabilities.

COUNTERDRUG ACTIVITIES

2-89. CD activities are measures taken to detect, monitor, and counter the production, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. Using their skills in cross-cultural communications, SF personnel train HN CD forces on critical skills required to conduct small-unit CD operations. SF CD operations overseas support the geographic CINC’s regional CD campaign plan and the Ambassador’s country-specific CD plans. Although some CD activities can be classified as FID, most are undertaken as part of legislatively authorized and specifically funded U.S. CD programs, rather than as participation in another government’s program to combat this lawlessness. These U.S. CD programs may be multinational or conducted in DS of HN efforts.

HUMANITARIAN DEMINING ACTIVITIES

2-90. SF performs HD activities in support of DOD programs designed to help selected HNs establish their own demining organizations. The goal of humanitarian demining operations (HDO) is to render the HN capable of conducting long-term and self-sustaining operations to reduce or eliminate the suffering and threats to the safety of its civilian populations caused by

FM 3-05.20

land mines and associated battlefield unexploded ordnance. SF teams train the HN cadre in techniques to locate, identify, and destroy land mines and unexploded ordnance. PSYOP teams assist HN governments develop and implement mine-awareness programs to train local populations to identify, avoid, and report locations of land mines and unexploded ordnance until these threats are removed. CA teams train the HN demining HQ in the management and C2 of its subordinate elements. CA assets also provide liaison with the U.S. Government, the United Nations, and both international and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to coordinate support of the HN demining infrastructure.

FOREIGN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

2-91. Foreign HA operations use DOD personnel, equipment, and supplies to promote human welfare; to reduce pain, suffering, and hardship; and to prevent loss of life or destruction of property from the aftermath of natural or man-made disasters. In combination with other SOF and conventional forces, SF is uniquely suited to render rapid, effective HA in remote areas, particularly in an uncertain or hostile environment. The same abilities that make SF the force of choice for UW and FID contribute directly to SF’s suitability for HA operations.

2-92. Disaster relief operations fall within the overall context of HA. These operations are event-driven. They support the efforts of the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance within the DOS for foreign disasters and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for disasters within the United States. The ability to deploy on short notice to remote regions, familiarity with multiagency operations, and limited logistics support requirements, all favor SF involvement in disaster relief operations. Examples of SF involvement in HA and disaster relief operations include—

• Providing medical and veterinary assistance in remote regions.

• Establishing communications.

• Performing basic repair of critical facilities.

SECURITY ASSISTANCE

2-93. SA activities are programs governed by the Foreign Assistance Act, the Arms Export Act, and other related statutes. SA provides defense equipment and training to eligible countries and international organizations to further U.S. national security objectives. These activities are conducted under the supervision and general direction of the DOS through the in-country U.S.

Ambassador.

2-94. The primary role of SF in SA activities is to provide mobile training teams (MTTs) and other forms of training assistance tailored to meet the specific requirements of the nation requesting the assistance. The same abilities that make SF the force of choice for UW and FID contribute directly to SF’s suitability for SA activities as well. U.S. public law prohibits personnel conducting SA from engaging in combatant activities. For detailed discussions of SA programs, see DOD Manual 5105.38-M, Security Assistance Management Manual; AR 12-1, Security Assistance, International Logistics,

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Training, and Technical Assistance Support Policy and Responsibilities; and AR 12-15, Joint Security Assistance Training (JSAT).

SPECIAL ACTIVITIES

2-95. Special activities require Presidential approval and congressional oversight. Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities, states that no agency except the CIA may conduct any special activity in peacetime unless the President directs otherwise. When directed by the President, the DOD performs special activities during war declared by Congress or during any period covered by a Presidential report under the War Powers Act.

Whether supporting or conducting a special activity, SF soldiers may perform any of their principal missions subject to the limitations imposed by the NCA.

Such activities are highly compartmented and centrally managed and controlled.