Factor 5: Relación estudiante-profesor
1.2.2 Rendimiento académico
Research with an environmental-psychological matrix, in particular that based on transactional orientation (Altman and Rogoff 1987; Saegart and Winkel 1990), such as place-identity and place-attachment, and geographical research, above all cultural and behavioural, such as psychogeography and espace v´ecu, but also the theory of social representations and, with some caution (Pittaluga 2001), also cognitive mapping, offer a relevant contribution for activating projectual practice oriented towards the research of coherence and interaction between the spatial images of local societies and spatial images of technical knowledge.
A superficial reading of these contributions, and a certain type of use, might lead to results that replicate those of the deterritorialisation and globalisation processes – from which we departed to highlight some of the problems connected with the project for city and territory in contemporary reality – at the moment in which we seek to obtain a single collective representation (of a place, a territory, a city or a district, etc.) in contexts where great cultural, ethnic and social diversity is present (Sandercock 1998).
The danger is of obtaining representations of space which, though descending from non-expert knowledge, may prove homologated and homologating, monotonous, impoverished of that perceptive, symbolic, useful richness that diver-sity and biodiverdiver-sity produce.14
But we should not just consider spatial contexts in which a stable and fixed type of diversity exists, for we no longer live forever in one place. We may simultaneously inhabit, with variable times and rhythms, the many places in which we pass parts of our life, of the year, the week, the day. In any case to inhabit means to establish a deep relationship with places, that is repetitive, even if with variable
rhythms, emotive, since it is empathic and non-rational, and caring, since our actions are motivated also by affection and not just utility (Besio 2005).
To inhabit also means to belong to a common citizenship that is not necessarily tied to a single place: the moment draws ever nearer when individual citizenship will no longer be dependent on exclusive belonging to a single urban context or state.
Forms of active citizenship are more and more evident, detached from the actual territorial context concerned (Friedmann 2002).
Within a social reality which is rapidly moving towards a situation in which the rights of citizenship of individuals will no longer concern a single state, it will be increasingly important to promote processes of insurgent citizenship by active participation in temporary, non-territorial political communities, inspired by a principle of solidarity in realising a common commitment: the expansion of the spaces of democracy and hence coherent design for space (Rasmunssen 2002).
The construction of identity and citizenship in modern organisations, of new relational ties able to create alternative social forms which take care of city and territory, not necessarily bound to physical proximity and traditional residence and citizenship, requires the combination of collective interests so that the new social forms have the capacity to act and react on the grounds of changes, of economic, technological and political externalities (Rasmunssen 2002).
This perspective invites us also to ask ourselves what the new social demand for urbanity might be in the future and how the consequent supply should be built up in order to construct urban places that take into account the proactive nature of the hu-man relationship with the environment surrounding it, above all with respect to the urban populations arising with particular demands and characteristics – ‘technology, talent and tolerance’ – connected with the world of creativity and innovation,15and to the emerging forms of citizenship (Borja 2000).
The spreading of these forms of citizenship, of informal practices of organisa-tion and management of urban space, together with instituorganisa-tional programmes and projects, invites us to reflect, on the one hand, on the modalities of construction of new knowledge to integrate expert knowledge and common sense knowledge in projects for inhabiting and, on the other, on the difficulties of dealing with the city, of understanding and interpreting it, even defining it. In this case different points of view need to be found to look at the city with a new spirit.16Forms of representation will therefore change, too.17
A projectual style corresponds to the shift in observation point that is an alter-native to those belonging to instrumental rationality which still dominate practice (Huxley 2000): listening, the word, respect (Dryzek 1990) for all those who are different and for the diverse forms of knowledge produced, become capability and values, playing a fundamental role in practice oriented towards a continuous dia-logue between technical knowledge and common knowledge and seeking coherence between the respective images of space organisation.
Thus ‘insurgent spaces’ emerge in which practices and behaviours are realised that interfere with the consolidated ones of urban reality, and are the first elements for constructing spaces, places, territories favourable for the coexistence and
co-evolution of differences, images and use of space that correspond to them (Amin and Thrift 2001).
In these contexts projectual commitment is transformed into willingness, capac-ity for drawing up studies and projects, technical support as an important instrument of empowerment and the construction of urban and territorial spaces which are more inclusive (Amin et al. 2000) and more respectful of differences; in facing different forms of rationality, knowledge and value systems, activity is oriented towards the exploration of conditions promoting cooperative forms of action between subjects bearing various forms of otherness, to construct scenarios transforming the life space that are as adequate as possible for the demands, expectations and desires that everyone should be allowed to express.
Notes
1. Cf. among also “Plural City” Plurimondi, N. 5, 2001.
2. Also in the “hyper-places where there is an unfolding of tension at the simultaneous and conflictive representation of too many identities” – cf. Desideri (1990, 1997) – or in the heterotope as a real place in which the glocal is situated, cf. Bonomi (1996a, b).
3. “The crisis of the city also seems to be a crisis of imagining the city” (Amendola 1997).
4. Identity can be a blind alley when “it becomes the fundamental, determining, obsessive need.
It is probable that this occurs in contexts or moments of “destruction”, when more or less silent “pacts” are broken, when more or less shared forms of humanity disintegrate, when dif-ferent and alternative styles are no longer credible and mutually acceptable” (Remotti 1996).
5. “The global society and world-scale economy which is its other characterising face, depo-tentiate the social past. The relationship is lost between the past evolution of being together and the formation of social models, of societies, due to the changes, the long drifts of history, characterised by “local” specificities, which took shape in the identities of peoples and nations in territorialisation processes. Depotentiation of the social past places deterritorialisation as the distinctive trait of our times, with its accompaniment of bewilderment and uprootedness of the subject. To lose your own shadow, the capacity to project yourself, is a risk that subjects, and also social bodies, run in periods of accelerated, tumultuous transition. The desire for lightness takes hold of the being at moments when he is called to discontinuity, missing out epochs, habits, rootedness. Nowadays the jump concerns the passage from local to global, socially, and discontinuity, economically, lies in the transition from producing to “producing to compete on a world-scale”. What is lost is the space where the subject and social bodies projected their shadow, projected themselves: the place” (Bonomi 1996a).
6. “From the relations of projectual and conflictive adaptation that contexts enable and at the same time bind, learning development possibilities move ahead and involve knowledge prac-tices in a continuous, irremovable relationship with the care of what is possible and, therefore, power” (Weber 1997, Cf. also Borri 2002).
7. The following works on this theme are interesting: Lardon et al. (2001) and Lardon and Debarbieux (2003).
8. Morin observes that culture, a characteristic of human society, is organised/ organises through the cognitive vehicle represented by language, departing from the collective cognitive capital of acquired knowledge, learnt know-how, life experienced, past memories and mythical be-liefs of a society. Thus, “collective representations”, “collective conscience” and “collective imagination” are manifest (Morin 1991).
9. “The subdivision of a city into zones with distinct psychic atmospheres” is clear and “the character certain places have to charm or disgust” (Debord 1981a).
10. The following is a useful review of the concept of espace v´ecu and daily life: Andr´e (1989);
Bourdieu (1980); Buttimer (1979); Buttimer and Seamond (1980); Buttimer and Racine (1982); de Certeau (1984); Di M´eo (1996, 1998a, b); Fr´emont (1974, 1976, 1982); Lefebvre (1972); Holloway and Hubbard (2001); Sansot (1986) and Tuan (1977).
11. On the forms of time, Berque’s study is interesting in terms of monumentality via a com-parison between the thermal baths of Cluny in Paris and the Temple of Ise in Tokyo. The thermal baths, though now in ruins, are authentic and in this lies their value of past memory;
the material is the original in a linear time-span. Whereas the Temple of Ise is reconstructed every 20 years, maintaining its form unchanged, past memory is represented by the rite (form in codified time) that is perpetuated in cycles (Berque 1993, 1994).
12. Theories formulated by some environmental psychology trends, deriving more from social psychology than psychology of perception-cognition. Usually defined as the discipline that studies interactions and reactions between individuals and their environment, it conceives space and place as elements able to activate three types of mental process in an individual:
the cognitive representations associated with these, the affective reactions it provokes, the behaviours it induces or hinders. On the evolution of environmental psychology over the last 20 years, cf. Baroni (1998); Bechtel and Churchman (2002); Bonnes and Secchiaroli (1992);
Gifford (1987); Kitchin et al. (1997); Proshansky (1987) and Stokols and Altman (1987).
13. On this matter Damisch observes that the question of visibility of the city, or – as is said nowadays – of its “legibility”, if not its “figurability”, began to be posed only when the image of the city itself was jeopardised not just by the increasingly evident divorce between form and functions which were considered to belong to it, but also by the dissolution of traditional community links in the heart of the mass (Damisch 2001).
14. As is known, biodiversity is “responsible” for the possibilities of evolution of any living system. Without it the system would cease to exist as time passes.
15. In this sense the city favours the formation of environments for creativity: the new “creative class” produces urban quality and some cities that are more vital and favourable than oth-ers attract designoth-ers and innovators. Cf. Florida (2002, 2003, 2005) and Florida and Tingali (2004).
16. On the possibility of imagining the city in a different way, cf. Amin and Thrift (2001).
17. The latest theories on cognition, the crisis of the scientific method, indeed the difficulty in interpreting and decoding current urban transformations, have had the consequence of trig-gering a vast debate on the forms of representation, a phenomenon that Gregory (1994) has nicknamed “cartographic anxiety”, which has led on the one hand to a total rejection of survey methods and conventional representation methods and on the other to their subversion. Cf.
Harley (1992), Huggan (1989), Monmonier (1995), Pinder (1996) and Wood (1993).
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