CATEGORIA III: REPRESENTACIÓNES DE LAS PRÁCTICAS DE CUIDADO
REPRESENTACIÓN DEL CUIDADO FAMILIAR EN LOS CAMBIOS FUNCIONALES
Upper Mid Lower
DRP of 0.009g/m3; the aim for the Mangaone West with DRP is to be reduced to trigger values. The sediment values are far lower than the project catchment; however there is only two years of data. DO is within expected range, but as it has been taken during the day when maximums are reached, it is less informative; finding minimums which occur over night can show if oxygen depletion is occurring, indicating excessive algal growth and pollution (Dean & Richardson, 1999; Wilcock, McBride, Nagels, & Northcott, 1995).
Timeline
Project timeline by five year intervals, breaks represent expected progress analysis monitoring, review and adaptations. A total time of 20 years is estimated for
implementation, due to the high environmental expectation sought. Adaptations such as adhering to nitrogen limits required by law may come into effect during the restoration process. If expectations are exceeded, speed up the timeline accordingly.
0-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years
BMP advised BMP revision Repeat Repeat
information session and new distributed and reviewed info briefed to all in sent out (new tech catchment & practices).
Hillslope plantings Second section of Third section and Remaining in top quarter hillslope plantings review priority completed of all red sectioned any new/reviewed areas
headwaters and priority areas any identified included urgent areas
Spaced stream Streamside planting All streamside maintenance side plantings in complete for planting complete check bottom quarter opposing half to
of upper catchment hillslope work
Riparian fencing Fencing of mid Fencing of upper Ensure all fenced in gaps of lower catchment catchment
catchment and mid-upper fenced
Riparian planting Mid-upper Streamside stability Inspect all in gaps in mid and catchment riparian planting enhanced riparian areas lower sections, planted in upper catchment establishment
all areas under from bottom up and fill any gaps
willows
Willows poisoned All of mid All willows in lower Any new riparian from beginning of catchment willows catchment treated willow growth mid section treated, accessible
down, after branches removed riparian planting
Weeds in mid Lower section Reassess weed Reassess weed section sprayed/ removed/sprayed, areas for removal areas for removal
removed in progression action action
downstream downstream
Bait stations Bait stations Bait stations in Bait stations in placed out in placed out in mid-upper non-riparian lower catchment mid catchment riparian area forested areas riparian area riparian area
Alternative Catchment Management Plan
The alternative, back-up plan focuses solely on riparian management. In this plan the implementation is altered from the approach taken in the suggested plan. This difference is due to the priority in this plan being solely on limiting inputs from entering the
waterway. The suggested plan has the advantage of aiding in the reduction of losses from the land as well as their input into the waterways. The current riparian
characteristics and deductions for riparian management previously remain the same, but the approach is different as the plan’s priorities are different. The progress analysis would be much the same excluding the hillslope work aspect.
Plan Approach
The riparian strip is the sole functioning mechanism in reducing the connectivity between land and water, limiting the land-uses' effects on the aquatic ecosystem's functioning. The riparian filter must therefore be well established and maintained in all areas, and wider than prescribed in the combined plan, as there is a higher level of filtering required to compensate for erosion and runoff.
Fencing
The fencing is needed a minimum of 10m out from stream banks everywhere in the catchment. The upper catchment is a priority as this is where the worst erosion and run off typically occurs in a catchment, due to coupling (Gomi, Sidle, & Richardson, 2002). This area should therefore be targeted first and fenced off before planting to allow protection for riparian plants from stock. This will also protect the banks sooner from bank erosion (phosphorous and sediment inputs) caused by stock trampling. Working from the top of the catchment downstream to implement a riparian buffer where none is currently present is logical to reduce the cumulative effects of nutrients, sediment and bacteria downstream Sidle & Hornbeck, 1991). The fencing should continue
downstream and finally fill the gaps in the lower catchment.
Planting
First areas for planting include the gaps in the lower and underneath willows. Newly established riparian planting should take place after the fencing to improve survival rates. The full 10m from fence line to stream banks should be well planted with natives and some desired exotics, if wanted by the residents, again from the top of the
trees which will provide shade through height, and bank stability through extensive interlocking root growth. The upper catchment, as with the fencing, ought to be the starting point for new riparian planting, with downstream progression.
Willows
Willows need to be initially planted up underneath and around as previously suggested before removal. Again removal should be done through drill inject poisoning. The middle section would suit planting first as the upper catchment is being planted, because after the upper catchment is done riparian work will begin covering gaps in the mid- section. The lower catchment willows would be planted under after the mid catchment, and again followed through with poisoning after the undergrowth has had some time to establish.
Weeds and pests
The weeds need to be approached in the same manner as described in the combined plan. The approach is suggested from the mid catchment where they begin to become an issue downstream, in order to reduce regrowth which could occur due to downstream spread if the bottom of the catchment was targeted first. The weed growth would then need to be checked seasonally for growth for any repeats in future. Later, after riparian planting in the upper catchment is completed, that area will need to be included in the process.
The same pest control management scheme as previously described is suitable again, with no progression to management of non-riparian forests. To even out the workload in the catchment, as well as begin pest control where effective, the pest management could begin in the bottom end of the catchment and proceed upstream.
Implementation timeline
1-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years
Fence off upper Fence mid Fence gaps lower Recheck fence
catchment catchment catchment failings
Plant gaps in Plant up upper Plant mid Check
lower catchment catchment catchment establishment
riparian and riparian riparian and fill any gaps
under all willows
Poisoning of mid Poisoning of lower Any new or missed Any new growth catchment willows catchment willows growth killed off removed
Mid catchment Lower catchment Yearly weed Yearly weed
weeds removed weeds removed control where control where
needed needed
Pest control Pest control Continued control Repeat
carried out in carried out in and effectiveness
lower and mid upper catchment evaluation
catchment
As this plan option does not include any change in behaviour or reduce hillslope
erosion, it is less beneficial than the primary plan option and will have less of a positive impact on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and the community. As the community indicated they wanted improved waterways, improvement in topsoil retention,
sustainability, and more native biodiversity, particularly avian, the primary suggested plan is far more appropriate as it is more able to meet these objectives than riparian management alone. While this plan may be cheaper, the overall change will be less, and so ‘value for money’ or ‘ecological and economic improvement for money’ is higher with the combined plan approach.
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Conclusion
The Mangaone West is valued by its community and has the potential for significant environmental improvements to be made. The catchment has undergone much change since it was more intensely colonised and developed from the 19th century. The clearance of much of the native forest and scrub that dominated the land, and the riparian margins alongside the waterways has had a profound effect on the catchment. The degradation of land and waterways through erosion and sedimentation has been significant; the comparison to a similar, more natural-reference catchment highlights this.
The proposed plan gives direction to change the environmental state of the catchment's land and waterways, which would improve the ecological, economic, social and
aesthetic values of the catchment. A traditional CMP framework was combined with the river styles framework to aid in producing a well-rounded approach. The proposed plan has been created in a manner to maintain integration, and relies on a combined approach to address the main issues continuing to degrade the catchment.
The main issues to address
• Hillslope erosion and slope and waterway connectivity (upper-mid). • Sedimentation of waterways, sediment regime.
• Nitrogen and phosphorous loss from land to waterways (exceeding guidelines), and potentially groundwater.
• Riparian degradation; incomplete, lack of waterway shade (upper-mid catchment), weeds and pests, willows present.
Main Strategies
The plan addresses the issues through management strategies:
• Hillslope plantings of erosion risk areas.
• Riparian restoration (planting, fencing, and weeding). • Fencing of waterways (stock exclusion).
Integration and success components
• Consensus catchment view plan object.
• Retain stakeholder engagement through entire project- consult, involve (planting, and monitoring), and inform (progress).
• Monitor.
• Evaluate and adapt.
• Outcomes- measurable (biophysical parameters, and social evaluation).
Environmental progress improvement limitations
Some shifts in regime such as flow and sediment have changed significantly within the catchment, but the extent of change can be reduced. The lower catchment has high potential to be restored more closely to the reference catchment, but in order to do this, areas upstream must be managed effectively. The mid catchment is also likely to improve significantly under management, and the upper catchment will also benefit from reduced erosion and sedimentation, though sediment levels may be expected to remain slightly higher than the rest of the catchment. Changes in some environmental aspects will occur faster than others; the physical changes in the environment once implementation has been carried out should occur relatively quickly with consideration to upstream influences. Biological changes will likely occur more slowly, potentially more so in the decades following project completion (Meals, Dressing, & Davenport, 2011). Limitations to improvement could occur if integration isn’t successful at gaining community approval and participation and implementation of BMPs, though the
Mangaone West has promising signs in this regard. Climate change may also be factor, but the better the plan is implemented, the less its effects will be (The Society for Ecological Restoration International, 2007).
Recommendations
The recommendations are largely a reiteration of plan strategies.
• Use the combined approach plan to address environmental issues occurring within the catchment from all areas, at the same time.
• Have all catchment landowners carry out BMPs on their properties, and use whole-farm plans.
• Spaced hillslope plantings of steeper slopes and headwater slopes in upper catchment.
• Riparian plantings of: gaps in lower catchment, spaces under willows throughout the catchment, and the entire upper catchment (at least six meters wide for the main channel except headwaters and small ephemeral streams (three meters). • Fence off riparian margins (before plantings), at least six meters wide for the main channel (except headwaters and small, ephemeral, first order streams - three meters).
• Remove willows through staggered poisoning once native riparian plants have been established.
• Weed management through riparian assessment followed by poisoning or physical removal where appropriate.
• Pest management through bait stations every 50 by 50m within remnant forest and riparian margins.
• Monitoring of water quality (nitrogen and phosphorous), invertebrate
community assessments (MCI/QMCI), deposited sediment assessment, during project and for 10 years after completion.
• Use targets provided in the discussion for evaluation and progress assessment. These may also be useful for gaining support and adoption by landowners and