Requisitos

In this section some of the adsorption machines that are currently being commercialised or in development process are presented.

The German company Viessmann commercialised in Germany the Vitosorp 200-F machine, a zeolite- water gas adsorption ground source heat pump that is sold combined with a conventional condensing boiler. It provides a nominal heat output of 11 kW and it was designed for a single family building. It has a seasonal efficiency of 124% based on upper gas calorific values [38].

Literature review

16 Another German company,Vaillaint is currently developing a gas powered heat pump that uses a 2- bed zeolite-water cycle. It provides a heating output power of 10 kW at a high efficiency level of 135%. It has been designed to be used in detached and semidetached homes [39].

The Japanese company Mayekawa Mycom manufactures a zeolite-water refrigerator that chills water down to 10-15 °C and uses a low temperature heat source (around 68 °C). Its cooling power ranges from 50 to 430 kW [40].

Literature review

17

References

[1] Climate Change Act 2008, Chapter 27,

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/pdfs/ukpga_20080027_en.pdf on 27/08/2014. [2] National Renewable Energy Action Plan for the United Kingdom, Article 4 of the Renewable

Energy Directive 2009/28/EC,

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47871/25-

nat-ren-energy-action-plan.pdf on 27/08/2014.

[3] Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), The future of heating: meeting the challenge, 2013.

[4] Nera Economic Consulting, Renewable Heat Technologies for Carbon Abatement: Characteristics and Potential, Final Report to the Committee on Climate Change July 2009. [5] The Future of Heating: A strategic framework for low carbon heat in the UK, DECC, March

2012.

[6] UK Future Energy Scenarios, UK gas and electricity transmission, National Grid, September 2012.

[7] Why hybrids and gas heat pumps?, Stephen Marland, National Grid.

[8] Gas-driven heat pumps: Opening opportunities in the UK retrofit sector?, Delta-ee whitepaper, September 2012.

[9] Market Assessment in the Field of Domestic Heating, Optimat, June 2009. [10] Market assessment for Sorption Energy, Angle Technology, December 2010.

[11] UK Future Energy Scenarios, UK gas and electricity transmission, National Grid, November 2011, http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/86C815F5-0EAD-46B5-A580- A0A516562B3E/50819/10312_1_NG_Futureenergyscenarios_WEB1.pdf on 27/08/2014.

[12] Critoph, R. E., Zhong, Y., Review of trends in solid sorption refrigeration and heat pumping technology, Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers part e-journal of process mechanical engineering, 219, pp. 285-300. ISBN 0954-4089.

[13] Critoph, R. E., Turner, L., Heat transfer in granular activated carbon beds in the presence of adsorbable gases, Internationl. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 38, pp. 1577-1585, 1995.

Literature review

18 [14] Guilleminot, J. J., Chalfen, J. B., Choisier,A., Heat and mass transfer characteristics of

composites for adsorption heat pumps, Proceedings of the international absorption heat pump conference, ASME, pp. 401–406, 1994.

[15] Pons, M., Laurent, D., Meunier, F., Experimental temperature fronts for adsorptive heat pump application, Applied thermal engineering, 16, pp. 395-404, 1996.

[16] Eun, T. H., Song, H. K., Han, J. H., Lee, K. H., Kim, J. N., Enhancement of heat and mass transferrin silica-graphite composite blocks for adsorption heat pumps: Part I. Characterization of the composite blocks, International Journal of Refrigeration, 23, pp. 64- 73, 2000.

[17] Wang, L. W., Tamainot-Telto, Z., Thorpe, R., Critoph, R. E., Metcalf, S. J., Wang, R. Z., Study of thermal conductivity, permeability and adsorption performance of consolidated composite activated carbon adsorbent for refrigeration, Renewable energy, 36, pp. 2062-2066, 2011. [18] Bonaccorsi, L., Bruzzaniti, P., Calabresea, L., Freni, A., Synthesis of SAPO-34 on graphite foams

for adsorber heat exchangers, Applied Thermal Engineering, 61, pp. 848-852, 2013.

[19] Bonaccorsi, L., Freni, A., Proverbio, E., Restuccia, G., Russo, F., Zeolite coated copper foams for heat pumping applications, Microporous and Mesoporous materials, 91, pp. 7-14, 2006. [20] Critoph, R.E. Tamainot-Telto, Z., Davies, G.N.L., Prototype of a fast cycle adsorption

refrigerator utilizing a novel carbon-aluminium laminate. Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, part A, Journal of Power Energy, 214, pp. 439-448, 2000.

[21] Tamainot-Telto, Z., Critoph, R. E., Adsorption refrigerator using monolithic carbon-ammonia pair, International Journal of Refrigeration, 20, pp. 146-155, 1997.

[22] Critoph, R. E., Evaluation of alternative refrigerant–adsorbent pairs for refrigeration cycles, Applied Thermal Engineering, 16, pp. 891-900, 1996.

[23] Critoph, R. E., Forced convection adsorption cycles, Applied thermal engineering, 18, pp. 799- 807 1998.

[24] Critoph, R. E., Metcalf, S. J., Progress in the development of a carbon-ammonia adsorption gas-fired domestic heat pump, International sorption heat pump conference, Padua, 2011.

Literature review

19 [25] Gui, Y. B., Wang, R. Z., Wang, W., Wu, J. Y., Xu, . X., Performance modelling and testing on a

heat-regenerative adsorptive reversible heat pump, Applied Thermal Engineering, 22, pp. 309-320, 2002.

[26] Tamainot-Telto, Z., Metcalf, S. J., Critoph, R. E., Novel compact sorption generators for car air conditioning, International journal of refrigeration, 32, pp. 727-733, 2009.

[27] Tchernev, D. I., Emerson, D. T., High efficiency regenerative zeolite heat pump, ASHRAE Trans, 94, 1988.

[28] Cacciola, G., Restuccia, G., Progress on adsorption heat pumps, Heat recovery systems & CHP, 14, pp. 409-420, 1994.

[29] Critoph, R. E., Multiple bed regenerative adsorption cycle using the monolithic carbon- ammonia pair, Applied thermal engineering, 22, pp. 667-677, 2002.

[30] Shelton, S. V., Solid adsorbent heat pump system, US patent 4,610,148, 1986.

[31] Tchernev, D. I., Heat pump energized by low-grade heat source, US patent 4,637,218, 1987. [32] Jones, J. A., Sorption refrigeration research at JPL/NASA, eat recovery systems & CHP, 13, pp.

363-371, 1993.

[33] Jones, J. A., Carbon-ammonia regenerative adsorption heat pump, AES-Vol 31, International absorption heat pump conference, ASME 1993.

[34] Meunier, F., Second law analysis of a solid adsorption heat pump operating on reversible cascade cycles: application to zeolite-water pair, Heat recovery systems, 5, pp. 133-141, 1985. [35] Critoph, R. E., An Approach to Second Law Analysis of Adsorption Heat Pumps, International

sorption heat pump conference, Maryland University, 2014.

[36] Metcalf, S. J., Critoph, R. E., Tamainot-Telto, Z., Optimal cycle selection in carbon-ammonia cycles, Intrnational journal of refrigeration, 35, pp. 571-580, 2012.

[37] Critoph, R.E., Evaluation of alternative refrigerant-adsorbent pairs for refrigeration cycles, Applied Thermal Engineering, 16, pp. 891-900, 1996.

[38] Vissmann, Vitosorp 200-F: Innovative gas adsorption heat pump for high-efficiency heating URL: http://www.viessmann.com/com/content/dam/internet-

Literature review

20 [39] Vaillant, Development – The future, zeolite heating appliance, URL: http://www.vaillant-

export.com/homeowners/renewable-energy/development on 27/04/2014. [40] Mayekawa Mycom, AdRef – Noa Adsorption chiller with zeolite, URL:

Chapter 3

Theory

3.1.

Introduction

In this chapter, the basic adsorption cycle is described and presented along with the description of the thermal wave cycle developed in this project.

The adsorption equation of state and thermodynamic relationships used in the generator design and simulation modelling are presented.