2. Normativa comunitaria
3.1.3. Requisitos genéricos y específicos para calificar una cláusula de
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1839
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Th us the c olon i al me rchant s ' deman d s fo r New Ze a l an d timbe rs ne ver rea ched the almos t fren z i e d s t ate ind uce d by the prospe cts o f the phormi um trade bec a use , apart from the prob lem s o f en s uring the q ua l i ty o f the
prod uc t s , the m arke t for them was l im i te d to the q uanti tie s whi ch c o uld be used i n the colonies .
THE RIVER Hok i anga an d the Fi rth o f Thame s were ·the m a j or sour ce s o f the timbe r whi ch was exporte d from New Ze a l and during the 1 8 30 s . Howe ve r cargoes of wood were also reg ularly taken from the bays and i s l ands o f the H a ur ak i Gul f , Kaipara
b h b d M . b 6 2 .
Har o ur , W ang aro a Har o ur an angon Ul H a.r our . Otne r
harbo ur s like Whaing aroa (now knov-m as Rag lan ) , Man uk a u , Ng ung ur u an d T ut uk ak a we re vi s i te d by on ly a few timb er
trade rs, whi le for B ay o f I s lands se ttlers and s e veral S o uth Is lan d wha ling s tati on s , ex porting l umber provi de d a use ful s upp·lemen t to an i n come whi ch \·las m ain ly de ri ve d from othe r
so urce s .
The di s trib ution o f the timbe r ex por ting s i te s
aro und New Zea lan d6 3 i s l arge ly a re fle ct ion o f the req ui re men t s o f the two timbe r t rade s o f thi s pe riod . Both we re
l abo ur-in ten s i ve acti viti e s ; thus a prime req ui si te at any s i te was a s uf fi cien t lab o ur force . Us ually i t was the spar trade , with its endle s s se arch for that one tree in ten tho us and whi ch m ight m ake a m ainm as t , that w as re s pon s ib le
for the e arli e s t E uropean vi s i t s to mos t o f the se h arbotrr s . Howe ve r the needs o f the spar trade we re not al,one s uf fj_ cient to s us tain the work o f a t imbe r s tati on and it was on ly
beca us e o f the dem an ds o f the colon i a l timber trade that mos t s tation s we re m ain tained or expanded . In addit i on , the
re s i den ce o f at least some E urope an s at a s i te appe are d to
be e s sen ti a l i f the m e r chant was to ens ure a reg ul ar s upp ly o f q ua l i t y timber s .
6 2 . B rowne to Darling , 2 4 Apri l 1 8 31 , ADM 1 / 42 4 8 , pp . 1 ,
4 , 6 , 7 ; Be l l to D un are sq , 2 0 Novembe r 1 8 31 , C02 0 1 / 2 2 3 ,
f . 36 lb .
Most o f the site s indi cated on the m ap were vi s i t e d onl y occasional ly be fore 1 8 4 0 . For i n stance the sole
re ference to timber being taken from Whaingaroa fo un d
in t h e Sydney pre s s came i n a report that the Ann had
been attacked by local Maori s whi le i t was loading spars
in 1 8 38 . 6 4 s�� i larly , by the l ate 1 8 30 s on ly a few ve s se l s were reported a s having been to the Man ukau Harbour to
co l l e c t timbe r . Thi s was de spi te the fact that both t rade rs and m i s sionari e s we re re sident the re from abo ut the m i ddle
o f the de cade . For ins tance Thomas Mi tchell ( not the
Hoki ang a timberm an ) , who li ved at Pupong a Point near the north head o f the harbo ur fran 1 8 35 to 1 8 39 , prepared h i s own c a rgoe s o f timber whi ch he shipped to New So uth Wa le s . 6 5 Howe ve r the probable re ason traders did not reg ularly vi s i t the Man uk a u for timber was that there were too few Maori s
li ving the re to faci li tate the rapid loading o f a ve s se l .
The o the r in freq uen t ly vi sited harbo ur s were Ng ung ur u and T utuk ak a where the B uf falo colle cted spars in 1 8 38 , and Whang arei whe re E urope an vi sits and the prosec uti on o f the tim b e r trade we re on ly occasional be fore 1 8 4 0 . 6 6
Othe r p l ace s had cheq uered hi s tories a s timber export poin t s d uring the 1 8 30 s . Mah urangi Bay in the Haurak i G ul f was fi rst se ttled by a party o f Europeans on 2 3 May 1 8 32 . The g roup o f eight s awye rs /carpenters was led by Gordon Dqvi e s Browne wi th Joseph Kendall a s hi s assi s tant . Ran ulph Dacre , 6 4 . S . H . , 3 Apri l 1 8 38 ; Co loni st , 7 Apri l 1 8 38 .
6 5 . G . G . M . Mi tche l l , ' Early Vi s i tors to the Man uk a u
Harbo ur ' 1 Journ a l o f the Auck l and Hi s torical S ocie ty 1
no . 1 , October 1 9 6 2 , pp . l -7 ; S . G . , 1 6 De cembe r 1 8 38 ;
S . H . 1 2 8 Octobe r 1 8 39 ;
L
Whi te�
pp . 7 -9 .6 6 . H . Wi l li am s l The Early Jo urn a l s o f Hen ry Wi l li am s , 1 8 2 6 -4 0 , e d . L . M . Rogers 1 Chri stchur ch 1 1 9 6 1 , p . 2 1 6 ; Pol ack , New Ze aland 1 I I 1 34 4 -5 ; J . Horsman 1 The
o f the Pakeha to Auck l and Pro vin ce 1 We l ling ton , 1 9 7 1 , pp . 7 9 - 8 0 .
1 2 6
as a part o f hi s e f fort t o fi l l an Adm i r a l ty spar contract , was the spon sor o f the e s tablishment . 6 7 The s tation s eeme d
t o b e doome d from the s tar t . The loca l Maori s prove d t o be unre li ab le a s as s i st an t s because they we re freq uent ly
attacked or were a fraid o f an attack from the i r Ng apuh i and Ng atiwhatua enem i e s , wi th whom they had been almos t con s tantly a t war from 1 8 2 8 . Anothe r con s e q uence o f the
war fare was that loc a l food s upplies were low and a ltho u::rh s upp li e s could be bro UJ h t from the Bay o f I s lands the
Europe an s we re o ften force d to s urvi ve on fe rn roots . As we l l
as these di s com forts i t was fo und. that the on ly s ui tab le spars
we re at le a s t hal f a m i le from the wate r and had to be
dragge d the re wi th m uch l abo ur . De spi te the se di ffi c ul ti e s
the fi r s t cargo o f 4 3 masts and 2 3 8 loads o f timbe r was re ady to be sent to Lon don by Aug us t 1 8 3 3 .
A fte r thi s ini ti a l carao it i s di f fi c ult to asce rtain :J
how m an y spa r s and how m uch timbe r was exported frorn Hah urangi . Separating fact and fi c tion from Browne ' s corre spondence wi th Dacre , the only s o urce o f s uch i n form ation , i s impos sible .
For i n s ·tance Dacre an d B rowne both claimed th at one re ason for the e ventua l fai l ure o f the Mah urang i s tation aro se from the action s o f the men o f HMS B uffalo in 1 8 34 . The B uffalo vi s i te d the harbo ur in s e arch o f spars and , according to
Dacre and Browne1 took the be st tree s , in c l uding those intende d for and l aying at thei r e s tablishmen t . At the s ame time , the merchan t s charged , the n ava l o f fi cers o ve rp ai d the l-1aori s
for the i r work and thi s m ade i t impos sib le for Browne , late r , to g e t them to work for le s s . The settlemen t s truggled on
unti l late in 1 8 36 when the men who vle re work ing there shi fte d to the He r c ury B a� s t ation . 6 8
6 7 . On Dacre see Appendix 1_9 .
6 8 . Dacre to Coloni a l Se cre tary , New S o uth Wale s ., 1 8
October 1 8 32 , N Z : Bri ti sh Re sident : In Le tte rs , 1 8 3 3-1 8 4 0 2 vo l s , (WAre , B Rl /1 ) ; Dacre to B rook s , 2 J uly 1 8 32 ,
n . d .
/:1
Febr uary 1 8 3�_7
" (NPL/M , 1.m. cat . MS S Se t 30 9 ) ;Dac re , OLC 1 5 6 / 7 6 a ; Browne1 OLC 4 0 8 , 4 0 8 a-c/9 7 8 - 81 ;
R . M . Ros s , ' E urope an Trade and Se t t lement. in New Ze al and be fore 1 8 4 0 ' , Post Prim ary School B ul le tin , VI , no . 7 , 1 9 5 2 1 1 30 - 8 •
we re beg un for the spar trade in the e arly 1 8 30 s b ut we re main ly k nown for the i r s upp lying o f the coloni a l timber
trade . On 14 Oct obe r 1 8 31 John Ske lton , m as ter o f Ran ulph oacre ' s schoone r Dar ling , s ailed from Sydney vli th a fi ve man p a r ty . They we re to be landed at Mangon ui to cut spars
for Dacre ' s Adm i r a lty con tract . Howe ve r a fte r a ho use had been b ui lt and the s awye rs landed , it was fo un d that the tree s the re we re t oo sho rt for spars . Ske lton the re fore aban don e d the s tation and took the men to Merc ury B ay on 1 4 No vembe r .
Ske lton had p urchased land at Mangon ui for Dacre
and in Apri l 1 8 32 Dac re a l lowed b\ro o f h i s s awyers , Thomas Ryan and Jame s Berghan , to re t urn to Mangon ui and l i ve there as hi s ten ants . S awn timbe rs were expor ted from Mang on u.i
thr o ug ho ut the 1 8 3 0 s and at least e le ven sawye rs were re siding the re in 1 8 39 . Mangon ui was a l s o a pop ul ar port
for the re fi tting an d s upplying o f wh aling ve s se ls for i t
6 9 had n o g r ogshop s to enti ce sai lors to de s e r t .
Othe r harbo ur s an d are as fr om whi ch some timbe r was
taken be fo.re 1 8 4 0 be c ame m a j o r centre s in the timb er trade in the y ears a fte r co lon i z ation . One s uch was Kai para . The exi s te n ce of th a_t h arbo ur h ad been knovm to E urope an s fo r
a n umb e r o f ye a r s be fore the fi r s t timbe r was taken from i t .
6 9 . B usby Cen s us , J . B usby , De spat che s o f the B ri ti sh Re sident in New Ze aland , 1 8 3 3- 4 0 , ( vlTu , qMS , BUS ) ; Dacre , OLC 1 5 5 / 7 6 ; Dacre to Coloni al Se c re tary , New So uth Wa les , 4 Febr uary 1 8 4 1 , Browne , OLC 4 0 8 ,
4 0 8 a-c/9 7 8 - 81 ; Berghan , OLC 2 5 9 , 2 5 9 a-h/5 5 8 - 5 6 6 ; S . H . , 6 Sep tember 1 8 32 ; S . G . , 1 5 October 1 8 36 ; ·
R . G . Jarne s on , New Ze alan d
�
o uth Aus tr a li a and New Sbuth Wa l e s . . . , Lon don , 1 8 4 2 , pp . l 7 9 - 8 0 .1 2 8
For i n s t an ce in 1 8 2 0 S am ue l Marsden m ade two vi s i ts to Kaip ar a 7 0 and Joe l Pol ack vi s i ted the are a in 1 8 31 and
1 8 32 . 71 Mo reove r Gordon Browne knew eno ug h abo ut the Harbour to de s cribe i t a c c ur ately to Gove rnor Darl ing in Apri l 1 8 31 and i t appe ars that J . R . Ken t , i n the Lord Li verpoo l , and Ran u lph D a c re , in the S urrey, both entere d the Harbo ur
in s e arch o f spars i n 1 8 32 . 7 2 :Howeve r un ti l 1 8 36 i t was gener ally a s s umed that loade d ve s s e l s co uld not s a fely c ro s s
the Kaipar a Harbo ur b ar . On 2 3 November 1 8 35 Thom as
McDonne l l , i.n the T ui , sai le d into the Kaipara Harbo ur and was fol lowed" on 6 Jan uary 1 8 36 , by the Fanny wi th the Re v . Wi l l i am Whi te , Thom a s Mi t che ll o f the Hoki anga and Ge org e
7 3
Stephenson aboard . The y were se arching for spars an d
I-1cDonne l l l a i d c l a im to l arge n unbers o f tre e s by m arking
them w i th a b ro ad arrow and s tating th at they were re s e r ved
h · 7 4 h · 1 h · 1 d h d I
fur t e K1ng ; w 1 e W 1 te sett e Step e n s on as a tra e r
sawye r a t Rah ur ah u , i n the northe rn part o f the Harbour . 7 5 Howe ve r b e fore 1 8 4 0 the Kaipara d i d n ot have a larg e eno UJ h pop ulation t o s upport an in ten s i ve tim b er indus -try . Late in 1 8 39 Wi l l i am Whi te claimed that there were on ly six
7 0 . A . T . Yarwood , S am ue l Marsden , The Gre a t S ur vi vor , We l l i ng ton , 1 9 7 7 , p . 2 21 ; J . R . Elde r , e d . , The
Le tte rs and ,Jo urn als o f Sam ue l 1 9 32 ,
PP • 2 9 3- 7 1 31 8 - 2 5 •
71 . Pol a ck , New Z e a l an d , I , Chapters 3- 7 .
72 . J . O ' C . Ros s , Pape r s , l-9 7 3-1976, ( WT u , MS Pape rs 1 5 0 0 , Fol de r 4 ) , ' Mc Donne l l o f Hok i ang a ' , p . l l 9 ; R . A . A .
Sherrin and J . H . Wal l a ce , E arly H i story o f New Ze a l an d , A uck l an d , 1 8 9 0 , p . 36 9 .
7 3 . fihi teJ 1 p . 7 ; W . C . Sym onds , • Note s on C l o ud·y Bay and Harbo ur , and on Some Othe r Harbours i n Ne\v Zealan d ' , Journ al o f the Royal Geog raphi c a l Soci e ty , V I I I ,
1 8 3 8 1 4 1 7 .
7 4 . E . Ra"!l � den, B usby o f Wai tang i : H . M . ' s Re s i dent at New Ze a l an d , 1 8 3 3- 4 0 , We l l ing ton , 1 9 4 2 , p. l 34 . Lo cal Haori s late r re futed McDonne l l ' s c laim to t im b e r l ands i n
Kaip a r a - S . H . , 2 7 De cember 1 8 39 .
75 . S tephen s on , OLC 4 0 7 , 4 0 7 a/ 9 7 6 - 7 ; Ros s , ' McDonne l l ' (WT u, .MS Pape r s 1 5 0 0 , Folde r 4 ) , p . 1 2 1 .
m i s s i on arie s who h ad e s tab li shed a s ta t i on in the Kaipara
in June 1 8 36 . There were also ve ry few M aori s res i dent in the di s trict be c a us e the local pop ulati on had n ot re cove re d
from the de vastati on o f Hong i Hik a ' s rai d s i n the 1 8 2 0 s . Altho ug h three ve s s e ls loaded carg oe s in the Kai p a ra in 1 8 39 76 the Re v . Ja."Ue s B uller g a ve it as h i s opinion , in the same ye a r , that the re was ' n o commer ce in the whole di s tri c t ' .