Resiliencia y capacidad de afrontamiento

After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the United States of America, which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation.

Article 14

This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies will be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of other signatories.

Notes: The main object of the NATO alliance is stipulated in Article 5 to galvanize collective security so as to ensure international peace. However, the definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951. The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949, after the deposition of the ratifications of all signatory states.

member nations of NATO officially in their sovereign capacities identified two complementary aims of the Alliance which were to maintain security and pursue détente. This identification presupposes that each nation through the alliance or individual capability could provide defenses at whatever level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race. There were about 1300 Standardization Agreements to cover NATO riffle, firearm, and aircraft marshalling signals including phonetic alphabet. STANAG was the code name for NATO standardization. NATO began military exercises for its military personnel and ships in 1952 to be battle ready and strategies in the areas of maritime, Mariner, combined air-naval-ground, simulated atomic air-ground and combined amphibious landing exercise.

Greece and Turkey became members of the alliance in 1952 resulting in controversial negotiations between the United States and Britain over the admittance of the two countries into NATO military command structure. As a result of Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO military command structure. The Soviet Union in 1954 indicated its intent to join NATO in order to preserve peace in Europe but the proposal was rejected by the NATO countries because for them the aim of the Soviet Union was to weaken the alliance. Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treat provide for the alliance‘s membership expansion among European nations, but one disturbing issue of admittance among NATO members was the question of admittance, re-armament and allowing West Germany to join NATO. Though, there was strong opposition and apathy among members as a result of German aggression which caused World War II, nevertheless, in May 1955 Germany was integrated into NATO. Halvard Lange, then Norwegian Foreign Minister described the situation as ―a decisive turning point in the history of our continent‖. West Germany was pivotal to the alliance resistance of Soviet invasion and the economic recovery of programme of Europe. The Soviet response to the incorporation of Germany was the creation of Warsaw Treaty Organization and the signing of the Warsaw Pact on 14 May, 1955 which formally delineated the East – West Bloc of E urope.

The dominance of the United States in the military operations of NATO armed forces and special romance between the United States and the United Kingdom posed serious worries to France. France Cold War President Charles De Gaulle in 1958 and afterward registered his country dissatisfaction and argued for the creation of a tripartite NATO directorate that would avail France an equal opportunity with the United States and the United Kingdom. Especially, as France sought NATO‘s assistance to quell colonial insurgence in Algeria one of its colonies. President De Gaulle not satisfied with NATO‘s response to his request opted to build independent defense for France and withdrew from NATO military command structure in 1962.

France also demanded that the United States withdraw its two hundred military

aircraft stationed in France, surrender the control of operational base and moved out all NATO troops in France accordingly. Ultimately, by 16 October 1967, NATO relocated the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) from

Rocquencourt France, to Casteau north of Mons Belgium. Nevertheless, France remained a member of the alliance, and committed to the defense of Europe from possible Communist attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War

Self Assessment Exercise

Explain the German rearmament as a major challenge to the formation of alliances in the Cold War.

4.0 CONCLUSION

This unit has discussed the collective security, creation and structure of NATO as a military alliance by nations of Western Europe against the spread of communism and Soviet Union. The main objective is to make students acquire the necessary skills to understand the role of alliances as a collective responsibility in achieving international peace and security. It is also to enhance scholarly Explanations for object of the Treaty and the tense military standoff between NATO (Western) and Warsaw Pact (Eastern Communist) nations in the Cold War period.

5.0 SUMMARY

In this unit, we discussed the collective security, creation and structure of NATO as a military alliance. Also, the object of North Atlantic Treaty and the German question to explain why its incorporation give birth for an opposing alliance, Warsaw Pact. The military diplomacy and militarization of the western alliance was one means of intensification of Cold War tension and containment of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism as well as to relax Cold War tension, détente.

6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMA)

1 Discuss the NATO military alliance in the Cold War

2 The militarization of the western alliance was one means of intensification of Cold War tension, explain.

, , .

.

7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READINGS

Beer, Francis A. (1972) The Political Economy of Alliances: Benefits, Costs, and Institutions in NATO . Beverly Hills: Sage.

David C. Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, (1985) Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd.

John C. Milloy. (2006), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1948–1957: Comm unity or Alliance? focus on non-military issues

Smith, Joseph, (1990) ed. The Origins of NATO. Exeter: UK University of Exeter Press.