Resultados de la cuantificación del Plomo

Based on this review of environmental governance it is recommended that:

1 . Processes of consultation for institutional and constitutional reform should be sup- ported with exposure to developments in environmental governance from across Africa. Awareness of principles and concepts, successes and failures in environmental governance would enhance dialogue over the links between environment, livelihoods, conflict mitigation and governance . These links are important in discussions about managing natural resources between different communities and therefore in consultations about constitutional arrangements . This is particularly relevant to the

Darfur Internal Dialogue and Consultation

and to the ongoing consultations over the new constitution in Sudan .

2 . The concepts of equitable participatory environmental governance should inform peace processes in Sudan. Negotiators should be informed of viable models for, and experience of, peaceful co-management of resources so that institutions and protocols man- dated in peace agreements can draw upon these . Promoting awareness of these concepts and experiences will support the development of equitable environmental governance in areas emerging from conflict in which control of natural resources has had a role . This would be relevant to the border areas of Sudan and South Sudan; to peace processes that may emerge in Blue Nile and South Kordofan states; and to the implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur.

3 . The ideas from across Africa reviewed in this report should be made available to inform reform and development of environmental policy and institutions in Sudan. Support

should be given to capacity building for line ministries with a coordinated approach at both State and Federal level . Such support should include technical exchanges with other countries and joint reviews of best practice . In particular, the Darfur Regional Authority

should be supported in its efforts to formulate policies and build institutions that mitigate conflict over natural resources .

4 . Support should be given to projects that pilot and demonstrate innovation and best practice on environmental governance – inclusive processes such as Community Based Natural Resource Management, integrated wadi catchment management (and IWRM in general) and community forestry . Where environmental projects (such as tree planting) are implemented in order to promote peace, then equitable environmental governance at local and regional levels must be emphasised within these projects . For example, tree planting alone does not promote peace, but resolving issues of land tenure for contested forestry, establishing participatory forest committees and supporting revenue sharing from forest livelihoods contribute to peace, and tree planting would be an appropriate component of such projects . Similarly, water projects need an emphasis on participatory decision-making, equitable water sharing, cost recovery and maintenance, in addition to the provision of pumps and hafirs .

5 . Social and environmental impact assess- ments of development projects, agricultural projects and concessions, mining and peacekeeping operations should include a sound understanding of the governance context in which they operate. Where there is a dynamic process in governance or a context of legal pluralism (both of which are common in Sudan) then these assessments should identify how the interventions would influence this process . The scope of such assessments would include impacts through land use, procurement, and empowerment of stakehold- ers identified as interlocutors and consultees . The intervention may impact the ongoing

interaction of formal government, traditional leadership, civil society and community rep- resentatives – this impact should be identified and the potential consequences analysed . For example, if hafirs are built through humanitarian aid, then the work should be undertaken in collaboration with both formal government bodies such as the state water corporation and

with local community or traditional leadership to ensure consultation around community access and to clarify responsibilities for man- agement and maintenance of the hafir . Project procedures should support best practice in the collaboration between communities and government in management of projects and their results, drawing on the principles of co- management .

6 . The principles and practices identified in this report should be developed further in the context of thematic areas within environmental governance – to draw out the implications, for example, for water resource management, forestry, agriculture, livestock production and mining . Important emerging initiatives on this include Integrated Water Resource Management, National Adaptation Plan – (NAP and NAPA), REDD Plus, Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and work on pastoralist livelihoods . In addition to the issues addressed in this report, further attention is needed on ecosystems management and the green economy .

7 . Best practice and experience of par- ticipatory policy-making on environmental governance should inform cross cutting issues in strategic plans. These would include capacity building, conflict sensitive approaches and the environment . In the UN context these have all been highlighted as cross cutting in the 2013-16 Sudan UNDAF .64

Other processes would include government strategic planning, the Humanitarian Work Plan and UNAMID/UNCT joint planning mechanisms . These features should be emphasized in the follow up to the Darfur Joint Assessment Mission and the implementation of the Strategy for Recovery in Darfur .

Glossary

Co-management of natural resources

A process of collective understanding and action by which human communities and other social actors manage natural resources and ecosystems together, drawing from everyone’s unique

strengths, vantage points and capacities (Borrini-Feyerabend et al, 2007: xxx)

Environmental governance The norms, rules and institutions that regulate the actions and interactions of government, civil society and the private sector in relation to the environment

Gender equitable land tenure

Equitability (fairness) between women and men in matters of land tenure governance… through both formal institutions and informal arrangements for land administration and management

(Daley and Mi-young Park, 2011: 2)

Hafir A small reservoir

Khorr A small wadi

Land tenure The relationship, whether defined legally or customarily, among

people with respect to land (FAO, 2007: 3)

Land administration The way in which the rules of land tenure are applied and made

operational . It includes land registration, land use planning, land consolidation, land management and property taxation (FAO, 2007: 3)

Legal Pluralism Refers to separate social fields of ‘legality’ overlapping and

interacting, often a mixture of customary, statutory and hybrid

Subsidiarity The delegation of authority to the most appropriate level of

governance (often interpreted and advocated as the delegation of authority to lower levels of governance)