RESULTADOS DEL EJERCICIO

The renewable energy consumed in Italy increased from 7.1 Mtoe (296.5 PJ) in 2005 to 14.9 Mtoe (623.1 PJ) in 2011 to 16.3 Mtoe (682.1 PJ) in 2012. In 2020 it is expected that the renewable energy consumption in Italy will reach 23 Mtoe (962.4 PJ) 2020 (including 1.1 Mtoe or 47.2 PJ from transfer from other MS and third countries through cooperation mechanism) (Figure 11-1).

Figure 11-1 RES total in Italy in 2012 and the expected growth to 2020 target

Renewable energy in transport sector experienced the fastest progress with 55.4% per annum in average (+1233 ktoe) during period 2005-12 over the level of 318 ktoe (13.3 PJ) in the baseline year being respectively 15.3% (+209 ktoe) and 1.3% (+20 ktoe) over the plans for 2011-12 period.

The use of renewable in heating/cooling sector increased with an average growth rate of 40.8% (+5471 ktoe) between 2005 and 2012 over the level of 1917 ktoe (80.3 PJ) in 2005. Comparing with NREAP developments the use of renewable energy in this sector was found over the respective uses in both 2011 and 2012: 72% (+3022 ktoe) over in 2011 and 61.2% (+2805 ktoe) over in 2012.

Renewable electricity reached 7353 ktoe (307.9 PJ) increasing with 4.3% per annum in average (+2506.5 ktoe) over the baseline level of 4847 ktoe (203 PJ). This development was enough to surpass both 2011 and 2012 expected NREAP plans: 0.9% (+53.2 ktoe) more in 2011 and 17.1% (+1074.6 ktoe) more in 2012.

Up to 2020 Italy is expected to speed up the use of renewable energy in transport sector with nearly 11% per annum in average. In heating/cooling sector the additional renewable energy for the 8 year coming period present almost one-third of 2020 plan of 10456 ktoe (437.8 PJ) with an average growth rate of 5.2%. Up to 2020 renewable electricity consumption in Italy is expected to increase with +15.7% (+13384 GWh /+1151 ktoe).

0 5 10 15 20 25

Mtoe 2012

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Solar accounted for nearly half of additional renewable energy consumption in Italy between 2011 and 2012.

Figure 11-2. RES deployment in Italy: projected growth and actual progress until 2020.

Figure 11-3. Deviation from NREAP in the RES consumption in Italy in 2012.

11.2 Sources of renewable energy

The use of biomass was the major contributor to RES use in 2012 with a 34.4% share, followed by hydropower with 19.4%, solar with 11%, heat pumps with 16.2%, biofuels with 8.5%, wind with 6.6% and geothermal with 3.8%.

Solar source developed with an average growth rate of 841.4% (+1747 ktoe) between 2005 and 2012 over the baseline level of 29.7 ktoe (1.2 PJ). The development was fast enough to surpass the NREAP plans in both 2011 and 2012: 146.1% (+634.2 ktoe) more in 2011 and 229% (+1236.7 ktoe) more in 2012.

The use of biofuels in transport sector developed also fast during period 2005-2012 with 94.7% per annum in average (+1186 ktoe). Even than a decrease with 2.5% (-35 ktoe) took place between 2011 and 2012 the use of biofuels was found to exceed both NREAP plans: 19.6% (+229 ktoe) more in 2011 and 3.3% (+43 ktoe) more in 2012.

Biomass used in electricity and heating/cooling sectors had the highest additional energy consumption between 2005 and 2012, +3489.2 ktoe (+169.6%), over the baseline level of 2057 ktoe (86.1 PJ). Biomass exceedances from 2011 and 2012 NREAP plans were respectively 65% (+2133 ktoe) and 54.2% (+1949.7 ktoe).

Geothermal use for electricity and heat consumption decreased its absolute contribution with 8.4% (-56 ktoe) during period 2005-2012 reaching 614.8 ktoe (25.7 PJ). This downward trend putted this source under the NREAP plans in both 2011 and 2012: 13.9% (-100.7 ktoe) under in 2011 and 17.2% (-127.7 ktoe) under in 2012.

In 2020, biomass and geothermal are expected to keep almost the same shares as in 2012 respectively 33.9% and 4.1%. The share of hydropower is expected to reach 16.8%, heat pumps with 13.5%, biofuels with 11.8%, solar with 11.9% and wind with 8%.

0 5 10 15 20 25 2005 2011p 2011a 2012p 2012a 2015 2020 M to e

RES H/C RES E RES T

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

RES H/C RES E RES T RES total

pp.| 112 Figure 11-4. Contribution of renewable sources in Italy:

projected growth and actual progress until 2020

Figure 11-5. Deviation from NREAP in the contribution of renewable sources in Italy in 2012

11.3 Renewable energy share

The analysis of the Second Progress Report for Italy shows that the overall share of RES increased from 4.91% in 2005 to 12.27% in 2011 and 13.53% in 2012. The comparison with expected NREAP overall RES share showed that Italy was well over in both 2011 and 2012: 3.6% points over in 2011 and 4.3% points over in 2012. The 2002 overall RES share expected to be achieved in Italy is 17%.

Figure 11-6. Overall RES share in Italy, 2011-12

The fastest development took place in renewable electricity share reaching 27.42% in 2012 which is 1.03% points over the 2020 planned share for this sector. The share of renewable electricity was over the NREAP planned shares by 4% points in 2011 and 7.22% points in 2012.

Renewable energy share in heating/cooling sector had the highest absolute increase between 2005 and 2012 with 10.01% points reaching 12.81%. Comparing with NREAP 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 H ydr o G eo the rm al So lar M ar in e W ind H eat pu m ps B io m as s B io fue ls M to e 2005 2011 2012 2020 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 %

Hydro Geothermal Solar Marine Wind Heat pumps Biomass Biofuels

.In 2012 the overall RES share in Italy exceeded both the 2012 NREAP target and the indicative minum trajectories up to 2015/16. Based on reported overall RES shares in 2011 and 2012, Italy seems to be in a very good position for the achievement of 2020 RES share target.

2011 2012 2020

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%

2011/2012 interim target set by Directive 2012 NREAP

pp.| 113

PV installed capacity in Italy in 2012 was 2 times higher than the 2020 planned capacity of 8.6 GW.

shares for 2011 and 2012 this sector was found over respectively with 5.4% points and 5.1% points.

The share of renewable energy in transport sector reached 7.2% in 2012 being over the NREAP planned shares in both 2011 and 2012: 0.8% points over in 2011 and 2.4% points over in 2012.

Major increase from year 2012 expected to be achieved until 2020, will be in heating/ cooling sector with 4.28% points followed by transport with 3% points.

11.4 Renewable electricity

11.4.1 Installed capacity Renewable energy installed capacity in Italy increased from 18.8 GW in 2005 to 37.2 GW in 2011 and 43.1 GW in 2012. The exceedances from NREAP planned capacities were 26.2% (+7.7 GW) more in 2011 and 39.3% (+12.2 GW) more in 2012. In 2020 renewable energy installed capacity in Italy is expected to reach 43.8 GW.

In 2012 solar photovoltaic covered 38.1% of total renewable energy capacity followed by hydroppwer with 33.2%, wind with 18.8%, biomass with 8.2% and geothermal with 1.7%.

Solar photovoltaic had the fastest development between 2005 and 2012 increasing with 6885% per annum in average (+16.4 GW) over the baseline year level of 34 MW. The exceedances from NREAP planned capacities for

2011 and 2012 were respectively 263.8% (+9.3 GW) and 309% (+12.4 GW).

Wind power developed with an average growth rate of 56% during period 2005-2012 over the level of 1639 MW in the baseline year. Comparing with

NREAP planned capacities the current development was faster surpassing both 2011 and 2012 levels: 7.8% (+498 MW) more in 2011 and 15.1% (+1062 MW) more in 2012.

Figure 11-7. RES capacity deployment and progress until 2020 in Italy.

Figure 11-8. Deviation from NREAP in the RES installed capacity in Italy in 2012.

Biomass installed capacity increased from baseline year level of 937 MW with 40% per annum in average (+2618 MW) in 2012. This development was enough to surpass the 0

20

Hydro Geothermal Solar Marine Wind Biomass

GW 2005 2011 2012 2020 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 %

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6% of gross final electricity consumption in Italy in year 2012 was covered by solar photovoltaic

NREAP planned capacities in both 2011 and 2012: 24.8% (+523 MW) more in 2011 and 54.7% (+1257 MW) more in 2012.

Hydropower capacity decreased between 2005 and 2012 with nearly 1% per annum in average (-1140 MW). Due to this downward trend this source was found to be under the respective NREAP capacities in both 2011 and 2012: 15% (-2510 MW) under in 2011 and 14.8% (-2498 MW) under in 2012.

Geothermal capacity increased with only 2.4% (+2.4 MW) beytween 2005 and 2012 missing nevertheless both 2011 and 2012 NREAP planned capacities: 5.5% (-42 MW) under in 2011 and 7.5% (-59 MW) under in 2012.

In 2020 hydropwer capacity is expected to increase its share up to 40.6% followed by wind with 28.9%, solar with 19.6%, biomass with 8.7% and geothermal with 2.1%.

11.4.2 Consumption Renewable electricity developed with an average growth rate of 7.4% (+29.1 TWh) between 2005 and 2012 over the baseline level of 56.4 TWh (203 PJ). This development was fast enough to exceed the expected NREAP levels in both 201 and 2012: 0.9% (+53.2 ktoe) more in 2011 and 17.1% (+1074.6 ktoe) more in 2012.

In 2012 hydropower provided 42.5% of total renewable electricity consumption in Italy and the rest was solar with 22.1%, wind with 14.5%, biomass with 14.4% and geothermal with 6.5%.

Solar photovoltaic experienced the fastest development during period 2005-2012 with an average growth rate of 8678% (+18.8 TWh) over the level of 31 GWh (0.1 PJ) in the baseline year. Renewable electricity from this source excceded in 2012 the 2020 plan with 66.2% (+7512 GWh). The

exceedances for 2011 and 2012 NREAP plans were: 224.5% (+7.5 TWh) more in 2011 and 365.8% (+14.9 TWh) more in 2012.

Renewable electricity from wind increased with an average growth rate of 55% (+9.8 TWh) in 2012 over the baseline level of 2.6 TWh (9.2 PJ). Comparing with expected NREAP plans the current development of this source was found over in both 2011 and 2012: 9.7% (+908 GWh) over in 2011 and 20.2% (+2084 GWh) over in 2012.

Hydropower renewable electricity decreased with 2% per annum in average (-7.5 TWh) in 2012 compared with 43.8 TWh (157.6 PJ) in 2005 being 21% (-8.8 TWh) under in 2011 and and 13.8% (-5809 GWh) under in 2012.

The increase of renewable electricity from biomass during period 2005-2012 took place with an average growth rate of 23% (+7.7 TWh) over the level of 4675 GWh (16.8 PJ). Comparing with NREAP plans this source exceeded both 2011 and 2012 plans respectively with 12.2% (+1.2 TWh) and 15.7% (+1.7 TWh).

Electricity from geothermal rose with only 5% (+267 GWh) between 2005 and 2012 reaching 5.6 TWh (20.1 PJ). The current development was found slower than the NREAP projected one in both 2011 and 2012: 1.6% (-90 GWh) less in 2011 and 4.5% (-264 GWh) less in 2012.

pp.| 115 Figure 11-9. Relative increase/decrease of RES electricity

sources in Italy, 2011-12 Figure 11-10. Deviation from NREAP in the RES electricity _{consumption in Italy in 2012.}

The fast development of solar photovoltaic might change the picture of contribution of renewable energy sources in 2020. According to actual NREAP in 2020 the share of hydropower is expected to remain still 42.5% followed by wind with 20.2%, biomass with 19%, solar with 11.5% and geothermal with 6.8%.

11.5 Renewable energy in heating & cooling

Renewable energy in heating and cooling increased in Italy reaching 7217 ktoe (302.2 PJ) in 2011 and 7387 ktoe (309.3 PJ) in 2012 being respectively 72% (+3020 ktoe) and 61.2% (+2805 ktoe) over the NREAP projected values of 4197 ktoe (175.7 PJ) and 4582 ktoe (191.9 PJ).

In 2012 biomass share in total renewable heat consumption reached 60.7% and the rest was heat pumps (35.4%), solar (2.1%) and geothermal (1.8%).

Figure 11-11. Relative increase/decrease of RES heating/cooling sources in Italy, 2011-12.

Figure 11-12. Deviation from NREAP in the RES heat consumption in Italy in 2012.

Heat pumps had the fastest increase with 1682% (+2591 ktoe) over the baseline level of 22 ktoe (0.9%). It exceeded both 2011 and 2012 NREAP planned consumptions respectively with 79.6% (+1089 ktoe) and 77.5% (+1141 ktoe).

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 %

Hydro Geothermal Solar Marine Wind Biomass -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 %

Hydro Geothermal Solar Marine Wind Biomass

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 %

Geothermal Solar Biomass Heat pumps

-25 -5 15 35 55 75 95 %

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14% of thw whole gross final heat consumption in 2012 in Italy was provided by biomass

Solar thermal almost 6 folded (+128 ktoe) in 2012 the baseline level of 27 ktoe (1.1 PJ) missing nevertheless the NREAP plans in both 2001 and 2012: 5.4% (-8 ktoe) less in 2011 and 19.3% (-37 ktoe) less in 2012.

Biomass heat consumption developed with an average growth rate of 24% (+2830 ktoe) between 2005 and 2012 over the baseline level of 1655 ktoe (69.3 PJ). This development surpassed the NREAP planned levels in both 2011 and 2012 respectively with 83% (+2032 ktoe) and 67.4% (+1806 ktoe).

Geothermal was the only source that decrease its heat consumption between 2005 and 2012 with 5% per annum in average (-79 ktoe) from the level of 213 ktoe (8.9 PJ) in 2005. Due to this negative trend this source was found under the 2011 and 2012 NREAP plane respectively with 40.1% (-93 ktoe) and 43.9% (-105 ktoe).

In 2020 biomass share is expected to decrease to 54.2% followed by heat pumps with 27.7%, solar thermal with 15.2% and geothermal with 2.9%.

11.6 Renewable energy in transport

Renewable energy in transport sector almost fivefold its use in 2012 from the level of 318 ktoe (13.3 PJ) in 2005. It exceeded both 2011 and 2012 NREAP plans respectively with 15.3% (+209 ktoe) and 1.3% (+20 ktoe).

In 2012 biodiesel covered 81.4% of total renewable energy consumed in this sector and the rest was coming from renewable electricity with 12% and bioethanol/bio-ETBE with 6.6%.

Biodiesel increased fast from 179 ktoe (7.5 PJ) in 2005 with 86% per annum in average (+1083 ktoe) in 2012. Comparing with NREAP plans this source was found over both 2011 and 2012 uses respectively with 32.7% (+317 ktoe) and 17.9% (+192 ktoe).

The use of bioethanol/bio-ETBE grew to 114 ktoe (4.8 PJ) in 2011 decreasing then with 9.6% (-11 ktoe) in 2012. This development was not fast enough to meet the NREAP plans in both 2011 and 2012: 40.9% (-79 ktoe) under in 2011 and 56.7% (-135 ktoe) under in 2012.

The of other biofuels (biogas and vegetable oils) have seen no use in transport sector during year 2011 and 2012 contrary with the planned contribution of 9 ktoe ( 0.4 PJ) in 2011 and 14 ktoe (0.6 PJ) in 2012.

The use of biofuels from wastes, residues, ligno-cellulosic material grew fats with 217.7% per annum in average during period 2005-2012 over the baseline level of 21 ktoe (0.9 PJ). This development was not enough to meet the 2011 NREAP plan missing it with 49.2% (-62 ktoe) but it was enough to exceed the 2012 plan with 117.2% (+184 ktoe).

The use of biofuels from import increased with 29.5% (+240 ktoe) between 2011 and 2012 reaching 1054 ktoe (44.1 PJ) in 2012 being over the NREAP plans in both 2011 and 2012:

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349.7% (+633 ktoe) over in 2011 and 286.1% (+781 ktoe) over in 2012. The increase between 2011 and 2012 was so fast that it exceeded the 2020 plan for this category of biofuels with 5.4% (+54 ktoe).

Figure 11-13. Relative increase/decrease of RES transport sources in France, 2011-12.

Figure 11-14. Deviation from NREAP in the RES use in transport in Italy in 2012.

The use of renewable electricity developed with an average growth rate of 4.8% (+47 ktoe) in 2012 over the level of 139 ktoe (5.8 PJ) in 2005. This development was found slower than the NREAP projected one missing both 2011 and 2012 levels: 10.3% (-20 ktoe) less in 2011 and 11% (-23 ktoe) less in 2012.

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 %

Bioethanol Biodiesel Electricity Other Art.21.2 Import -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 %

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Renewable energy consumption in Cyprus was lower than the expected in both 2011 and 2012 respectively by 4.1% (- 4.9 ktoe) and 4.1% (-5.2 ktoe).

12. Renewable energy in Cyprus