Resultados para el objetivo general

Table below shows the energy balance table for Turkey, which sets out the energy flows in the Turkish economy from initial inputs to final consumption for the year 2001. The unit of measurement is thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) on a net calorific value basis.

The initial inputs of energy to the economy are the primary fuels of coal; crude oil; petroleum products; natural gas; hydro; geothermal, solar etc.; combustible renewables and waste; and electricity. In Turkey, for the time being, there exists no nuclear-generated energy.

Indigenous production of primary fuels in Turkey is dominated by the coal, which is responsible for 53.7% of the total (row 1). It is followed by combustibles, renewables and waste (24.1%); crude oil (9.5%); hydro (7.9%);

geothermal, solar etc. (3.8%) and natural gas (1%).

Row 2 shows imported inputs added to indigenous production. Of these, there is a negligible level of electricity imports and a large amount of crude oil and natural gas imports, which are responsible for 47.5% and 27.2% of total imports respectively. Coal (11.6%) and petroleum products (12.9%) are also significant trade items.

Row 3 shows exports of primary fuels. Petroleum products are responsible for almost all exports (98.6%). International marine bunkers (row 4) cover those quantities delivered to all sea-going ships; and petroleum products account for all quantity in this item.

Stock changes (row 5) reflect the difference between opening stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. We can detect from the table that, during the year 2001, some crude oil and natural gas stocks were built in Turkey; while a stock draw occurred in coal and petroleum products.

Row 6 indicates total primary energy supply (TPES), which is made up of production + imports - exports - international marine bunkers ± stock changes.

TPES points out the available supply both for direct consumption and for conversion into secondary fuels.

Row 7 shows transfers; which include interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled products. However, there was not any kind of transfers in Turkey, in 2001.

Row 8 contains statistical differences, which include the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels. Mainly, they arise because of the variety of conversion factors in coal and oil columns.

Table 7. 2001 Energy Balances for Turkey

SUPPLY and

CONSUMPTION Coal Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Natural

Gas Hydro Geothermal Solar, etc

(in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) on a net calorific value basis) Source: IEA (2004e)

Row 9 refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity. Here, we can observe total electricity produced (output) and total sources used to produce that electricity (input). Transformation losses appear in the total column as a negative number. This row is especially important because it allows us to calculate thermal efficiency in electricity generation for Turkey as follows:

Thermal Efficiency in Electricity Generation = Total Electricity Produced

Total Sources Used to Produce Electricity

Thermal Efficiency in Electricity Generation = 9,181

10,618 + 1,702 + 6,680 + 2,065 + 83 + 10

Thermal Efficiency in Electricity Generation = 9,181 21,158 Thermal Efficiency in Electricity Generation = 43.4%

Row 10 explains the role of combined heat and power (CHP) plants, which refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity; also known as co-generation power stations.

Row 11 shows the role of heat plants (those designed to produce heat only) in the conversion process. Row 12 does the same for gas works. If there is production of natural gas at gas works; the quantity produced appears as a positive figure in the natural gas column, and inputs as negative entries in the relevant columns. Also, conversion losses appear in the total column. However, as can be seen in the table, there are not any heat plants or gas works in Turkey.

Row 13 (petroleum refineries) shows the use of primary energy for the manufacture of finished petroleum products and the corresponding output.

Thus, the total reflects transformation losses; and in general the data in the total column should be a negative number. However, here it is a positive one, indicating either a problem in the underlying energy data or a problem in the primary refinery balance!

Coal transformation (row 14) contains losses in transformation of coal from primary to secondary fuels. Liquifaction plants (row 15) include diverse liquefaction processes, such as coal liquefaction into oil, and natural gas to gasoline. However, there is no liquefaction plant in Turkey.

Row 16 covers other transformations that are not specified in previous rows.

Own use (row 17) contains the primary and secondary energy consumed by transformation industries for a variety of purposes (e.g. energy used for heating, lighting, oil and gas extraction etc).

Row 18 contains data regarding distribution and transmission losses that include losses in natural gas/electricity distribution and transmission.

The essential balance in the table is; TFC (row 19) = TPES (row6) – (the sum of rows 7 to 18), and in turn row 6 is the sum of rows 1-5; row 19 is the sum of rows 20, 21, 22 and 27; while row 22 is the sum of rows 23-26. In this way, row 19 shows the consumption of energy by final users after the conversion process, and rows 20, 21, 22 and 27 indicate the distribution of this consumption among different market sectors.

When we examine the shares of different sectors in final consumption, it can be seen that dominant sectors are industry (31.6%), residential (30.8%) and transportation (23.2%). The remaining 14.4% consists of agriculture (5.7%), commercial & public services (4.1%), energy use (3.7%) and other non-specified (0.9%) sectors. Here we should note that non-energy use covers other

use of petroleum products such as white spirit, paraffin waxes, lubricants, bitumen and so on.

Actually, the last row (row 28) is not a part of a standard energy balance table and even the unit of measurement in this row is not thousand tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe) but it is GWh (1 ktoe = 11.63 GWh). It is added to the table because it provides very useful information by demonstrating Turkey's electricity generation by primary energy resources, which can be showed graphically as follows:

Figure 6. Electricity Generation in Turkey (2001, by primary energy sources)

Primary energy demand in Turkey can also be showed graphically as follows:

Figure 7. Primary Energy Demand in Turkey (2001)

Moreover, the distribution of final energy consumption among different market sectors (or, industries) can be seen in the figure below.

Figure 8. Final Energy Consumption in Turkey (2001, by industry)

Finally, the figure below shows the distribution of final energy consumption among different fuels.

Figure 9. Final Energy Consumption in Turkey (2001, by fuel)