Chapter 4. Experimental transmission of a MERS-CoV clade C
5.3 Results
Tourism culture evolution may henceforth be an uncertain and fragile process. In line with 625
the extant literature, findings illustrate industry context may positively or negatively affect its 626
development and continuation. Regards the former, proximity of hosts and guests and high 627
levels of resident involvement in tourism were shown to foster the exchanges, changes and 628
creativity that exemplify. Conversely, speed or scale of development which exceeds the 629
capacity of local resources and communities to adapt (Campling and Rosalie, 2006; Chaperon 630
and Bramwell, 2013), might threaten to displace or denude local culture, as signs were of in 631
Belle Ile. Overly large scale or rapid tourism decline might similarly challenge (Canavan, 632
2015), as Isle of Man interviewees proposed.
633
Building upon past literature and research findings, Figure 3 attempts to map potential 634
development patterns of tourism culture and offers a flexible model for doing so according to 635
local context that could be applied to diverse tourism models and spaces. As identified, 636
tourism context may affect levels of tourism culture in the sense that they set the conditions 637
for host-guest interactions. There may for example be situations, akin to Lewis & Harris, 638
where an overly dominant host culture could be unreceptive to change, and thus remain 639
unwelcoming to tourists and perhaps stifling to many residents (i.e. Damer, 2000).
640
Alternately, an overly dominant guest culture could overwhelm and subsume that which is 641
indigenous to a locale, threatening cultural degradation, homogenisation and displacement 642
(i.e. Tsartas, 1992). Signs were of this occurring somewhat in Belle Ile. Conversely, it could 643
be seen that a decline in tourism, might see the loss of tourism culture, as has happened in the 644
Isle of Man. This process might serve to disrupt, and potentially ultimately destroy, that 645
which has uniquely evolved (i.e. Hampton and Christensen, 2007; Lim and Cooper, 2009;
646
Canavan, 2014).
647 648
Figure 3: Host-Guest-Tourist Culture Nexus 649
650 651
5.0 Conclusion 652
653
The overall contribution of this research is to identify and describe tourism culture and 654
subsequently relate that phenomenon to sustainable tourism debate. Tourism culture is 655
potentially a useful concept for describing host guest interactions, in that it is a nuanced and 656
flexible one that recognises on the one hand the persistence of originating cultures, whilst on 657
the other appreciating the evolution and change in these as a result of wider influences 658
including tourism. This concept may better illustrate the persistence of the mundane largely 659
untouched by tourists or tourism (Smith, 1989; Smith, 2009), the concurrent potential of 660
tourism to engender destructive or creative impacts in a locale (i.e. altered religious and 661
familial values Yasothornsrikul and Bowen, 2015). And the constant cultural transformation, 662
both separately and informed alongside each other, of both hosts and guests (Azeredo 663
Grunewald, 2002).
664
Links with sustainability are likewise accommodated. A vibrant tourism culture 665
suggests the presence of a shared culture based upon rather than exploiting the indigenous 666
culture of a locale. Furthermore, it appears to be symbolic of tourism which is well integrated 667
into a locale, where local inhabitants are involved and have a subsequent sense of ownership, 668
outsider experiences can be benefitted from, and where traditional cultural resources are both 669
protected and diversified as a result (i.e. Smith, 1989; Sindiga, 1996; Wilson, 1997). And one 670
moreover where self-consciousness, reflexivity and creativity promoted on behalf of both 671
hosts and guests may contribute to more stable and rewarding relationships between (Tan et 672
al., 2013). As such tourism culture may be both antecedent and precedent of more sustainable 673
tourism contexts and the host-guest relationships which take place within and contribute 674
towards.
675
Tourism culture may therefore be a useful tool for bringing together diverse 676
conceptual narratives within tourism studies and for promoting a more holistic, flexible and 677
reflexive perspective. Acknowledged also is the difficulty of separating cultural impacts of 678
tourism from other influences such as the media (Fisher, 2004). Henceforth it can be easy to 679
inappropriately exaggerate the sociocultural impacts of tourism (Chen, 2014). Thus care is 680
taken not to over-emphasise what are initial findings from an exploratory study. Yet broad 681
inferences may still be carefully drawn. Further research, ideally in other geographical 682
contexts and places with different tourism dynamics would be welcome to test this initial 683
concept.
684 685
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