Results

Sport is full of wonderful moments, but perhaps nothing is as exciting as the finish of the marathon. It is the longest, hardest race of all. The name 'marathon' comes from a village in Greece. A famous war was fought there in the year 490 BC. When the Greeks won the 5 war, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens (more than 40

km.) to tell the people the good news. The organisers of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 decided to include the marathon in the games so that this event would not be forgotten. The marathon has been a race since then.

10 At first the Olympic Games were part of a festival. The Greeks had this festival once in every four years in Olympia. Athletes from Greece, Cyprus, Sicily, etc. went there to participate in the games. These games were very important to the Greeks. They even stopped their wars for them.

15 The modern Olympic Games were started again in 1896 in Athens.

However, only 300 athletes from 12 countries went there to participate in the games. Since then, of course, the games have become much more popular. Only male athletes participated in the early Olympic Games. In the 1923 Olympics in Amsterdam an important change took place.

20 Female athletes participated for the first time.

We all know that only amateur athletes can participate in the Olympic Games. An amateur is someone who doesn't earn any money from sport. But today it is difficult to say who is an amateur and who is not.

It is true that Olympic athletes never earn as much money as 25 professional sportsmen. But they are often students or teachers of a

sport and have to spend a lot of time training. Their governments pay for their training, travel and pocket-money, because they want them to win. Some people think that this changes the Olympics. They feel that the games are now a political marathon.

A. What do these words refer to?

1. 'if (line 2):

2. 'there' (line 12):

3. 'them' (line 14):

4. 'there' (line 16):

5. 'then' (line 17): '

B.

1. Fer which purpose have farmers been using computers?

2. What is the function of computers in the field of business?

3. What is one advantage that the computerized robots provide for workers?

C.

1. Line 3, 'him' refers to

2. Line 5, 'their help' refers to the help of 3. Line 19, 'their* refers to

120

86

MANCHESTER

The City of Manchester is situated in the heart of a huge industrial area of Lancashire. For centuries this inland city has been the centre of the cotton trade. Cotton is not grown in Lancashire, of course, but it is made into cloth there, and the finished material is exported all over the 5 world. All around Manchester are many smaller towns where the cotton industry has developed and where soap, chemicals, dyes, rubber goods and paper goods are manufactured. Manchester itself is now famous not only for the production of machinery of all kinds, but as a great trade centre of England, second only to London.

10 It was not always so. Until the building of the Manchester Ship Canal the cotton goods had to be transported to Liverpool, over thirty miles away, and there loaded onto cargo ships which carried them all over the world. Naturally, this increased the cost of the goods and reduced the profits of Manchester's trade.

15 Why is this no longer necessary? Because this famous canal goes all the way from Liverpool to Manchester, a distance of thirty-five miles. It is wide and deep enough to carry large ships easily and safely. It has transformed Manchester from an inland city into one of Britain's greatest ports. Huge docks and warehouses, stores and factories have 20 sprung up along its banks (sides) and, every hour of the day. and night, great ships from all over the world are loading or unloading cargo at the port.

The Ship Canal was opened to traffic on January 1st, 1894. It is a very good example of engineering skill and perseverance.* Five railway 25 lines crossed the route chosen for the canal and bridges had to be built for them. Rivers and streams also stood in the way. They could not be allowed to flow into the canal because they would have interfered with the water-level. These were only a few of the problems the engineers had to solve.

30 At last, however, the work was finished. On January 1st, 1894, seventy-one ships sailed for the first time from the mouth of the River Mersey where Liverpool stands, right up to the City of Manchester. On May 21st of the same year Queen Victoria herself sailed up this wonderful waterway to perform the official opening ceremony.

'perseverance: continuing firmly in spite of difficulties

1. The City of Manchester is . a) surrounded by a large agricultural area

b) on the mouth of the River Mersey

c) more than thirty miles away from Liverpool d) in Yorkshire

2. The people living in Lancashire are mainly employed in . a) growing cotton

b) working on the railway c) sailing ships up the canal d) working in factories

3. Lines 8-9, 'A great trade centre, second only to London' means that Manchester .

a) is not so large in area as London b) has a smaller population than London

c) is the most important city for buying and selling goods after London d) has fewer factories than London

4. Before the Canal was built, Manchester's export cotton goods were a) sent to London

b) sent to all the smaller towns nearby c) carried in large ships to Liverpool

d) transported to Liverpool to be loaded on ships 5. Which of these statements is true?

a) Queen Victoria's ship was the first to sail up to Manchester.

b) The Manchester Ship Canal is about fifty-three miles long.

c) The port can be used only during daylight.

d) There are many industrial towns in Lancashire.

6. Lines 23-24, 'It (the canal) is a very good example of engineering skill and perseverance' means that .

a) the engineers who built it were so skilful that they found the work easy b) the engineers worked hard until they were skilful

c) anybody who wants to build a canal must use this as their model

d) the engineers who built it were skilful and they managed to deal witn 1..0 serious problems they met

122

7. The Manchester Ship Canal is very beneficial to the city because a) it allows large ships to sail into the port of Manchester

b) it was opened in 1894 c) it is thirty-five miles long

d) it has five railway bridges over it 8. Liverpool .

a) is an inland city

b) is nearer the sea than Manchester c) is famous for its cotton-mills

d) was not a port until 1894 9. Line 12, 'them' refers to 10. Line 20, 'its' refers to

87

'SEN* OR 'SİZ'?

What do you call your parents? Mother? Father? Mum? Dad? Or do you call them by their first names? These days, many young children call their parents, and their parents' friends, by their first names.

However, in many countries this kind of familiarity is very impolite, 5 and as a result many of the older people become uncomfortable.

In some languages, such as French and Turkish, there are two forms for the word 'you'. In Turkish, 'sen* is the informal form and 'siz' the formal. In French, the familiar word is 'tu' and the more formal one is 'vous'. In English, there is only one form, 'you', although a few 10 hundred years ago there was also the formal expression 'thou'.

In Turkey and France, the two forms of the word are part of everyday life. In both countries it is often unacceptable for an older person to be called by the word 'sen' or 'tu' when he is talking to a younger person, but the young people usually use the informal form 15 when they are talking to each other. In France, the change from 'vous' to 'tu' shows a change in the relationship - from a formal one to an informal one. English speaking people - Australians, Americans and the British - never have this difficulty because thev don't have another choice.

A. What do the following refer to?

1. 'them' (line 2) : s

2. 'their' (line 3) : 3. 'the word' (line 11) : 4. 'both countries' (line 12):

5. 'they' (line 18) :

B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

1. In many countries calling older people by their first names is impolite.

2. Two forms of the word 'you' exist in most languages.

3. English speakers have to choose between the two forms of the word

'you'.

C.

1. When was 'thou' a part of the English language?

2. When is it acceptable to use the informal form of 'you' in Turkish and French?

3. How does a relationship change when a French speaker uses 'vous' instead of 'tu'?

88