Resumen del artículo de Unver et al , 2012

After having presented the patterns regarding the portrayal of the problem, I focus on the goals the Commission pursues in order to cope with the problem (see Table A.9). As in the previous chapters about threats and portrayal of the problem, I present first general patterns and start narrowing them down to patterns being identified only in a few documents.

The first pattern I identified is related to security of supply. According to Table A.9 the issue is mentioned in all documents. However, the context in which the “goal” concerning security of supply appears differs between the texts. In COM1 it is emphasized that security of supply needs to be strengthened and a comprehensive and common approach needs to be found (see Table A.9). Also in COM2 and COM3 security of supply is embedded within the context of a common approach (see Table A.9). In COM 4, COM5 and COM6 the Commission expresses the goal to ensure and strengthen security of supply. In the examined documents security of supply is a goal for all energy sectors and sources, whereas in COM1 and COM4 it is precisely linked to gas (see Table A.9). In addition, the matter is addressed within the texts various times. Only in COM5 the goal of securing supply is mentioned once.

The next visible pattern within the documents is diversification, which does not occur in COM1. In the other documents the Commission expresses to strengthen, enhance and expand diversification. In the Commission’s texts the external dimension of diversification is highlighted and focused on energy sources and supply routes. In the document COM5 only the energy sources are mentioned, as one of the two aspects. Furthermore, the policy goal is mentioned in the context of energy sources in general. Only in COM3, COM5 and COM6 it refers to the diversification of gas supply, whereas COM3 emphasizes sources and routes, COM5 mentions sources and COM6 routes (see Table A.9). The issue is addressed in the documents several times. Only in COM5 just one statement regarding the goal of diversification is found.

The third identified pattern within the documents is energy security. I found the pattern in all texts, except COM1. In COM5 it is not specifically mentioned but implied through the

wording of implementing the EU’s Energy 2020 Strategy, which includes energy security. In the texts it is emphasized to strengthen, achieve and ensure energy security. Within the texts the goal of energy security is portrayed generally, except in COM2 and COM3, where the notion is linked to the external dimension of energy security (see Table A.9). In COM3 and COM4 the policy goal merits the most attention, whereas in the other documents it is only mentioned once.

The fourth pattern I observed about the Commission’s goals within the documents has to do with the internal market. Only in COM6 the matter is not addressed. In the other five texts, except COM5, the internal market is emphasized between two and three times (see Table A.9). In COM5 internal market is not specifically stated, but implied through the term “network”, also including energy markets. The context within the internal market is dealt with, also differs between the documents. The overall portrayal of the internal market focuses on its interconnection, completion and integration. In COM4 the interconnection is implied, because the reverse argument of no region being isolated is the interconnection between them (see Table 9A.). Furthermore, COM2 is the only document mentioning the aspect of a secure internal market. Within the documents internal market refers to energy markets as a whole, but in COM1 and COM4 it is connected to gas markets.

The fifth pattern I contemplated among the documents is competitiveness. Although it is mentioned in varying frequencies, all documents are concerned with competitiveness as a policy goal. But only in COM3 and COM6 it is stated several times, whereas the other texts refer to competitiveness only once. Competitiveness is embedded in divergent contexts within the documents. In COM3, COM4 and COM6 it refers to the external dimension of the EU energy policy, whereas in COM4 it is mentioned as a core energy objective, which includes the externality aspect (see Table A.9). In COM1 it is referred to the internal dimension through the internal market and in the other texts portrayed as a general policy goal (see Table A.9). In all the documents no specific energy source is mentioned, but competitiveness of the energy sector as a whole.

The sixth pattern related to the coding scheme “goals” is “third countries”. The issue is stated in COM2, COM3, COM4 and COM6. The context within the goals regarding third countries is addressed is similar. The focus lies on key suppliers and transit countries with regard to secure routes and sources from these countries. In addition, the aspect of close cooperation and deeper dialogue between the EU and third countries is highlighted (see Table A.9). In COM 3 and COM6 the special relation to Russia as a key supplier and Ukraine are emphasized, as well as the need to ensure a stable flow of gas coming from Russia through

Ukraine. Furthermore, the need to modernize the Ukrainian transmission system is highlighted (see Table A.9). In short, the pattern constitutes of closer cooperation with third countries to ensure the uninterrupted flow of energy and in COM3 and COM6 it is linked to Russia and Ukraine in terms of natural gas.

The seventh pattern is related to sustainability and renewable energy. It is the pattern being most extensively discussed in all documents, whereas COM1 mentions the issue only once. The Commission emphasizes numerous times in the documents the goal to strengthen sustainability and to promote the development of renewable energies and new renewable technologies (see Table A.9).

In sum, the six identified patterns security of supply, diversification, energy security, third countries, internal market and competitiveness can be categorized into energy security. The former patterns, security of supply and diversification and third countries are concerned with the external energy security through the availability of energy. Usually all energy sources are included but the Commission also refers explicitly to gas, except in COM2. In addition, the Commission emphasizes the importance of having close cooperation with Russia and improving the transmission network in Ukraine. The last two patterns, internal market and competitiveness, reflect the notion of affordability of energy security. Also here the term is used generally, and only in COM1 and COM3 it is linked to gas. Summarizing all the patterns under energy security is not advisable, because it does not allow portraying a nuanced picture of the situation. Therefore, each pattern remains isolated in order to describe a more precise process.