• No se han encontrado resultados

9. ANALISIS E INTERPRETACION DE LOS RESULTADOS

10.3 Retornando a la vida en el territorio de Facatativá

1. Alberti K G M M, Zimmet P for the WHO consultation. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of WHO consultation. Diabetic Medicine 1998, 15:539-553

2. WHO Consultation: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications I. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva, World Health Organisation 1999, 99:2

3. National Diabetes Data Group: Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979, 28:1039-1057

4. WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes mellitus. Second report. Technical Report series 646. Geneva:WHO, 1980

5. World Health Organisation: Diabetes mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. Technical Report series 727.Geneva:WHO, 1985

6. King H, Aubert R E, Herman W H. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025. Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:1414- 1431

7. Ridker PM, Genest J, Libby P. Risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, 1010- 1039. In Braunwald, Zipes, Libby (Editors), Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine 2001. 6th edition.

8. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP Myocardial infarction redefined -- a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:959-969

9. Phibbs B, Marcus F, Marriott HJ, Moss A, Spodick DH Q-wave versus non-Q wave myocardial infarction: a meaningless distinction. J Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:576-582

10. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA 1979, 241:2035-2038

11. Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Doring A, Lowel H. Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:82-89

12. Pyörälä K, Savolainen E, Lehtovirta E, Punsar S, Siltanen P. Glucose tolerance and coronary heart disease: Helsinki policemen study. J Chronic Dis 1979, 32:729-745

13. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarret RJ, Keen H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: the Whitehall study. Lancet 1980, 1373-1376

14. The DECODE Study Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparision of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999, 354:617-621

15. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95, 783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:233-240

16. Norhammar A, Tenerz A, Nilson G, Hamsten A, Efendic S, Ryden L, Malmberg K. Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet 2002, 359: 2140-2144

17. Norhammar A, Ryden L, Malmberg K: Admission plasma glucose. Independent risk factor for long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction even in non diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:1827-1831

18. Feener EPKing GL. Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997, 350 Suppl 1:SI9-13

19. Loewel H, Koenig W, Engel S, Hormann A, Keil U. The impact of diabetes mellitus on survival after myocardial infarction: can it be modified by drug treatment? Results of a population-based myocardial infarction register follow- up study. Diabetologia 2000, 43:218-226

20. Woodfield SL, Lundergan CF, Reiner JS, Greenhouse SW, Thompson MA, Rohrbeck S C, Deychak Y, Simoons M L, Califf RM, Topol E J, Ross A M. Angiographic findings and outcome in diabetic patients treated with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I expereance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:1661-1669

21. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998, 339: 229-234

22. Evans JM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ 2002, 324:939-942

23. Cho E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. The impact of diabetes mellitus and prior myocardial infarction on mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease in men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:954-960

24. Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Brown J, Zhao F, Hunt D, Piegas L, Calvin J, Keltai M, Budaj A. Impact of diabetes on long–term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organisation to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000, 102:1014-1019

25. Nesto RW, Philips RT. Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia in diabetic patients. Am J Med 1986, Suppl. 4c:40-47

26. Scheidt-Nave CE, Barrett-Connor DL, Wingard et al. Resting electro- cardiographic abnormalities of asymptomatic ischemic heart disease associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a defined population. Cirrculation 1990, 81:899-906

27. Palmieri V, Bella JN, Arnett DK, Liu JE, Oberman A, Schuck MY, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Morgan D, Rao DC, Devereux RB. Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on left ventricular geometry and systolic function in hypertensive subjects: Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) study. Circulation 2001, 103:102-107

28. Herlitz J, Malmberg K. How to improve the Cardiac Prognosis for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999, 22 Suppl.2: B89-B96

30. Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. Assessment of cardiovacular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Ann Intern Med 1980, 92:308-311

31. Singh N. Diabetes, heart rate, and mortality. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2002, 7:117-129

32. Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: prognosis and treatment. Diabetes Metab Rev 1994, 10:339-383

33. Granger CB, Califf RM. Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents. The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in myocardial infarction (TAMI) Study group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:920-925

34. Doron Aronson MD, Elliot J. Mechanisms Determing Course and outcome of Diabetic patients who have had acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997, 126:296-306

35. Cohen RA. Dysfunction of vascular endothelium in diabetes mellitus. Cirrculation 1993, 87(Suppl.5):67-76

36. Johnston MT, Creager SJ, Scales KM, Cusco JA, Lee BK, Creager MA. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation 1993, 888:2510-2516

37. Nitenberg A, Valensi P, Sachs R, Dali M, Aptecar E, Attali J-R. Impairment of coronary reserve and Ach-induced coronary vasodilatation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronay arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42:1017-1025

38. Otter W, Doering W. Klinik und Therapie des Myokardinfarktes bei Diabetes mellitus. Klinikarzt 2000, 2/29:46-53

39. Schnell O. Sympathetic innervation and blood flow in the diabetic heart. Catecholamine Research: From Molecular Insights to Clinical Practice. In: Nagatsu T, Nabeshima T, McCarty R, Goldstein DS, editors. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2002, 505-508

40. Schnell O. Szintigraphische Charakterisierung von Blutflussregulation und sympathischer Funktion des Herzens bei Diabetikern. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994, 127:965-970

41. Strauer BE, Motz W, Vogt M, Schwartzkopf B. Evidence for reduced coronary flow reserve in patients with insulin-dependend diabetes. A possible cause for diabetic heart disease in man. Exp. Clin. Endicrinol. Diabetes 1997, 105:15-20

42. Christopher B, Granger MD, Robert M. Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:704-708

44. Mueller HS, Cohen LS, Braunwald E. Predictors of early mortality and morbidity after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Analyses of patient subgroups in the Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trail, phase II. Circulation 1992, 85:1254-1264

45. Stein B, Weintraub WS, Gebhart SP, Cohen-Bernstein CL, Grosswald R, Libermann HA. Influence of diabetes mellitus on early and late outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1995, 91:979-989

46. Vigorito C, Betocchi S, Bonzani G, Guidice P, Miceli D, Piscione F et al. Severity of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Am Heart J 1980, 100 (6 Ptl):782-787

47. Moreno PR, Murcia AM, Palacios IF, Leon MN, Bernardi VH, Fuster V et al. Coronary composition and macrophage infiltration in atherectomy specimens from patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2000, 102:2180-2184

48. Ledet T. Histological and histochemical changes in the coronary arteries of old diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1968, 4:268-270

49. Gray RJ, Yudkin JS, Patterson DLH. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma- a risk faktor for myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects. Brit Heart J 1993, 69:228-232

50. Folsom AR, Wu KK, Rosamond WD, Sharett AR, Chambless LE. Prospectib study of haemostatic factores and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 1997, 96:1102- 1108

51. Davi G, Catalano I, Averna M, Notarbatolo A, Strano A, Ciabattoni G. Thromboxane biosynthesis and platet function in typ II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1769-1774

52. Vague D, Raccah D, et al. Hemobiology, vascular disease and diabetes with special reference to impaired fibrinolysis. Metabolism 1992, Supl. 41:2-6

53. Kannel WB, D` Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Belanger AJ, Gagnon DR. Diabetes, fibrinogen, and risk of cardiovascular diseases: the Framingham experience. Am Heart J 1990, 120:672-676

54. Norhammer A, Malmberg K, Ryden L, Tornvall P, Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensiv Care Admission (RIKS-HIA). Under utilisation of evidence-based treatment partially explains for the unfavourable prognosis in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:838-44

55. Loewel H, Stieber J, Koenig W, Thorand B, Gostomzyk U, Keil U. Das diabetesbedingte Herzinfarktrisiko in einer süddeutschen Bevölkerung:

56. Soma VR, Cavusoglu E, Vidhun R, Frishman WH, Sharma SK. Contrast associated nephropathie. Heart Dis 2002, 4: 372-379

57. Briguori C, Manganelli F, Scarpato P, Elia PP, Golia B, Riviezzo G, Lepore S, Librera M, Villari B, Colombo A, Ricciardelli B. Acetylcysteine and contrast agent associated nephrotoxicity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40: 1366-1374

58. Cannon CP, Weintarub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, Neumann FJ, Robertson DH, DeLucca PT, DiBattiste PM, Gibson CM, Braunwald E. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIa/IIIb inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1879-1887

59. Malmberg K, Ryden L. Myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Eur Heart J 1988, 9:259-64

60. Herlitz J, Malmberg K, Karlsson BW et al. Mortality and morbidity during a five-year follow-up of diabetes with myocardial infarction. Acta med Scand 1988, 224:31-8

61. Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults. JAMA 1999, 281:1291-1297

62. Aslak R, Lundberg V, Messner T, Eliason M. Ingen minskning av hjärtinfarkter eller kardiell död hos diabetiker 25 till 64 ar under elva ar. Monica-studien i

63. Miettinen H, Letho S, Saloma V, Mahonen M, Niemela M, Haffner S, Pyroälä K, Tuomilehto J, for the FINMONICA myocardial infarction register study group. Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:69-75

64. Abrahamsson P, Rosengren A, Dellborg M. Improved long term prognosis for patients with unstable coronary syndromes 1988-1995. Eur Heart J 2000, 21:533-539

65. Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Brown J, Zahao F, Hunt D, Piegas L, Calvin J, Keltai M, Budaj A. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organisation to Asses Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000, 102:1014-1019

66. Mc Giure D K, Emanuelsson H, Granger C B, Ohman M E, Moliterno D J, White H D, Ardissino D, Box J W, Califf R M, Topol E J for the GUSTO II-b Investigators. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcomes across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Findings from the GUSTO II-b study. Eur Heart J 2000, 21:1750-1758

67. Abbud Z, Shindler D, Wilson A, Kostis J. Effects of Diabetes mellitus on short- and long-term mortality rates of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1995, 130:51-58

68. Christopher B, Granger MD, Robert M. Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents. J Am College of Cardiology 1993, 21:920-925

69. Chun BY, Dobson Aj. The Impact of Diabetes on Survival among patients with first Myocardial Infarction. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:704-708

70. Lundberg V, Stegmayer B, Eliasson M, Huhtasaari F. Diabetes as a risk factor for myocardial infarction: population and gender perspectives. J Intern Med 1997, 241:485-492

71. Miettinene D, Letho FINMONICA Myocard Infarct Register Study. Impact of Diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 1998, 21:69-75

72. Orlander PR, Goff DC, Morrissey M et al. The relation of diabetes to the severity of acute myocardial infarction and postmyocardial infarction in Mexican-Americans and non Hispanic whites. The corpus Christi Heart Project. Diabetes 1994, 43:897-902

73. Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study group. BMJ 1997, 314:1512-1515

74. Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Ryden L. Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) Study. Circulation 1999, 99:2626-2632

75. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, Birkeland K. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. European Heart Jour. 2005, 26:650-661

76. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Boullion R. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1359-1367

77. Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande F, Lauwers P. Outcome benefit of insulin therapy in the critical ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 359-366

78. Wahlberg F. Intravenous glucose tolerance in myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and intermittend claudication. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1966, Vol 180, Suppl. 453.

80. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarret RJ, Keen H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: The Withehall study. Lancet 1980, 1373-1376.

81. The DECODE study group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999, 354:617-621

82. Rutter MK, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Meigs JB, Nesto RW, Wilson PW, Vasan RS. Impact of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance on cardiac structure and function: sex-related differences in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003, 107:448-454

83. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, Chait A, Eckel RH, Howard BV, Mitch W, Smith S-CJ, Sowers JR. Diabetes and cardiovascular Disease: A Statment for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1999, 100:1134-1146

84. Schnell O, Hammer K, Muhr-Becker D, Ziegler A, Weiss M, Tatsch K, Standl E Cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without ECG-based cardiac autonomic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2002, 16:220-227

85. Singh N. Diabetes, heart rate, and mortality. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2002, 7:117-129

86. Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Diabetes Metab Rev 1994, 10:339-383

87. Kannel WB, Kannel C, Pfaffenberger RS, Jr., Cupples LA. Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1987, 113:1489- 1494

88. Hjalmarsson A, Elmfeldt D, Herlitz J, Malek I, Ryden L, Vedin AAW, Wedel H, Holmberg S. Effect on mortality of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1981:823-827

89. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000, 355:773-778

90. Oliver MF, Opie LH. Effects of glucose and fatty acids on myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias. Lancet 1994, 343:155-158

91. Opie L. Metabolism of free fatty acids, glucose and catecholamines in acute myocardial infarction. Relation to myocardial ischemia and infarct size. Am J Cardiol 1975, 36:938-953

92. Bjornholt JV, Eriksson G, Aaser E, Sandvik L, Nittler-Hauge S, Jervell J, Erikssen J, Thaulow E. Fasting blood glucose: An underestimated risk factor for

93. Barbash GI, White HD, Modan M, Van de Werf F. Significance of diabetes mellitus in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic agents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:707-713.

94. Granger CB, Califf RM, Young S, Candela R, Samaha J, Worley S, Kereiakes DJ, Topol EJ. Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents. J AM Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:920- 925

95. Gustafsson I, Hildebrandt P, Seibaek M, Melchior T, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober I, Kiaser Nielson P and the TRACE Study group. Long term prognosis of diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. Relation to antidiabetic treatment. Eur Heart J 2000, 21:1937-1943

96. Herlitz J, Bang A, Karlson BW. Mortality, place and mode of death and reinfarction during a period of 5 years after acute myocardial infarction in diabetic and non diabetic patients. Cardiology 1996, 87:423-428

97. Kleiman NS, Lincoff AM, Kereiakes DJ, Miller DP, Aguirre FV, Anderson KM, Weisman HF, Califf RM, Topol EJ. Diabetes mellitus, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade, and heparin: evidence for a complex interaction in multicenter trial. EPILOG Investigators. Circulation 1998, 97:1912-1920

interventional outcomes for patients with diabetes mellitus: results of the EPISTENT (Evaluation of platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor for stenting trail) diabetic substudy. Circulation 1999, 100:2477-2484

99. Bartnik M, Ryden L, Malmberg K, Öhrvik J, Pyörälä K, Standl E, Ferrari R, Simoons M, Soler-Soler J, on behalf of the Euro Heart Survey Investigators. Oral glucose tolerance test is needed for appropriate classification of glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 2007, 93:72-77

100. Ryden L, Standl E, Bartnik M, van den Berghe G, Betteridge J, de Boer MJ, Cosentino F, Jönsson B, Laakso M, Malmberg K, Priori S, Östergren J, Tuomilehto J, Thrainsdottir I. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summery. The Task force on Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007, 28:88-136