RIESGO DE NEGOCIO Y RIESGO FINANCIERO

The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCC) was established in 2000 by the 2001 National Defense Spending Authoriza-tion Act. USCC consists of 12 commissioners, serving two-year terms, who are selected by the congressional leadership and supported by a professional staff with expertise in trade, economics, weapons proliferation, and Sino-U.S. relations. Its objectives include monitoring, investigating, and submit-ting an annual report to Congress on the national security implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between these countries; prolifera-tion practices; economic transfers; energy; U.S. capital markets; and regional economic and security impacts. ⁹⁵ The commission’s Web site, http://www.

uscc.gov/, features commissioner biographies and congressional testimony.

Accessible publications include the text of its annual reports (2002 to pres-ent); hearing transcripts (2001 to present), including U.S. Debt to China:

Implications and Repercussions (2010) and Taiwan-China: Recent Economic, Po-litical, and Military Developments across the Strait, and Implications for the United States (2010); and USCC commissioned reports, including China’s Overseas Investments in Oil and Gas Production (2006), Capability of the People’s Republic of China to Conduct Cyber Warfare and Computer Network Exploitation (2009), and China’s Defense Industry on the Path of Reform (2009).

U.S. Department of State

The Department of State was established in 1789 and is responsible for ad-vising the president in formulating and executing U.S. foreign policy and in promoting long-range national security and prosperity. ⁹⁶ Its Web site, http://

www.state.gov/, provides access to numerous resources about historical and current U.S. foreign diplomatic policy and foreign economic policy from the following organizational components.

Directorate of Defense Trade Controls

The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) is responsible for controlling the export and temporary import of defense articles and services covered by the U.S. Munitions List documented in Title 22, Part 121 of the Code of Federal Regulations. ⁹⁷ DDTC’s Web site, http://www.pmddtc.state.

gov/, provides access to its export licensing system D-Trade, information on defense export licensing requirements, the text of laws and regulations it enforces such as the Arms Export Control Act and International Traffi c in Arms Regulations, license processing statistics, and individual country policy and embargo announcements.

Examples of accessible reports include congressional notifi cation letters about selected individual arms sales (2001 to present), End-Use Monitoring of Defense Articles and Defense Services: Commercial Exports (2001 to present), and Section 655 Annual Military Assistance Reports (2001 to present), which list the aggregate dollar value and quantity of defense articles and services authorized as direct sales to individual foreign countries.

Offi ce of the Historian

The State Department’s Offi ce of the Historian (OH) is responsible for preparing and publishing Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), which is the offi cial U.S. historical foreign policy documentary record. OH also re-searches and publishes other historical studies on U.S. foreign policy for State Department policy makers, offi cials in other government agencies, and the

general public. ⁹⁸ Their Web site, http://www.history.state.gov/, features the text of FRUS volumes from the Kennedy to the Nixon-Ford administrations, with representative examples including Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976: Volume XXXIX, European Security (2008) and Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976: Volume XIX, Korea Part 1, 1969–1972 (2010).

This site also features historical information about U.S. diplomatic relations with individual countries and reference works such as Chiefs of Missions, which lists U.S. ambassadors to various countries.

Undersecretary for Arms Control and International Security

The Undersecretary for Arms Control & International Security serves as the President and Secretary of State’s senior advisor on arms control, nonpro-liferation, and disarmament. This offi cial also manages U.S. global security policy in these areas along with regional security and defense relations and security assistance. ⁹⁹ Its Web site, http://www.state.gov/t/, includes the text of speeches given by this offi cial, the video webcast of an April 30, 2010 brief-ing on the Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference, and the text of a proposed 2010 strategic nuclear arms reduction treaty between the U.S. and Russian Federation.

Undersecretary for Democracy and Global Affairs

The undersecretary for democracy and global affairs is responsible for co-ordinating U.S. foreign relations on global issues such as democracy, labor, human rights, oceans, environment, health and science, refugees, migration, and traffi cking in persons. ¹⁰⁰ Its Web site, http://www.state.gov/d/, contains information about offi ce organizational components such as the Offi ce of Sci-ence and Technology Advisor and publications including Seeds of a Perfect Storm: Genetically Modifi ed Crops and the Global Food Security Crisis (2008);

The United States of America National Report: Transport, Chemicals, Waste Management, Mining, and Sustainable Consumption and Production (2010);

U.S. Climate Action Report (2010); and the annual Traffi cking in Persons (2001 to present).

Undersecretary for Economics, Energy, and Agricultural Affairs The undersecretary for economics, energy, and agricultural affairs serves as the State Department’s senior economic offi cial advising the secretary of state on international economic policy, trade, agriculture, aviation, and bilateral economic relations with other countries. ¹⁰¹ Its Web site, http://www.state.

gov/e/, provides access to multiple resources on U.S. foreign economic policy, including information on organizational components such as the Offi ce of Terrorism Finance and Economic Sanctions policy; publications, including U.S. Annual Report to the Kimberley Process (2009) on confl ict diamonds; and

links to international economic and trade resources produced by the Foreign Agricultural Service (http://www.fas.usda.gov/) and the International Trade Administration (http://www.ita.doc.gov/).

Undersecretary for Political Affairs

The undersecretary for political affairs serves as the department’s third-ranking offi cial and senior career diplomat. This offi cial serves as the day-to-day manager of overall regional and bilateral foreign policy issues, including State Department bureaus such as Africa, East Asia, and the Pacifi c, Inter-national Organizations, InterInter-national Narcotics, and Law Enforcement. ¹⁰² Its Web site, http://www.state.gov/p/, features speeches by this offi cial (2009 to present) and regional and functional bureau Web sites such as the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. Examples of publications accessible through this offi ce Web site include the annuals International Narcotics Control Strat-egy Report (1996 to present), Voting Practices in the United Nations (2000 to present), Foreign Operations Appropriated Assistance: Kyrgyz Republic (2009), and Weekly Iraq Status Reports (2009 to present).

U.S. Department of the Treasury

The U.S. Department of the Treasury was established in 1789 and is re-sponsible for formulating domestic and international economic and tax policy for the United States, including managing U.S. public debt. ¹⁰³ The depart-ment’s Web site, http://www.treas.gov/, has a variety of information resources on its domestic and international economics, which can affect global geopoli-tics, including the ongoing global recession, as well as links to its multifaceted offi ces and bureaus, which will now be described.

Offi ce of International Affairs

The Offi ce of International Affairs (OIA) strives to protect and support U.S. economic prosperity by enhancing the external environment for U.S.

growth, preventing and reducing global fi nancial instability, and managing important global challenges. ¹⁰⁴ OIA’s Web site, http://www.treas.gov/offi ces/

international-affairs/, includes press releases, information about its regional and functional offi ces covering areas such as Africa, the Committee on For-eign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), Development Policy and Debt, and the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue. Accessible in-formation resources include Semiannual Report on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies (2005 to present), CFIUS Annual Report (2008 to pres-ent), and Implementation of Certain Legislative Provisions Relating to the Interna-tional Monetary Fund (2004 to present).

Offi ce of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence

The Offi ce of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (OTFI) organizes the Treasury Department’s intelligence and enforcement functions to protect the fi nancial system against illegal use and fi ghting rogue nations, terrorist fa-cilitators, weapons of mass destruction proliferators, money launderers, drug kingpins, and other national security threats. ¹⁰⁵ OTFI’s Web site, http://www.

treas.gov/offi ces/enforcement/, contains information about the activities of its organizational components, including the Offi ce of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes; the Offi ce of Intelligence and Analysis; the Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control, which enforces U.S. economic sanctions against tar-geted countries, organizations, and individuals ;¹⁰⁶ and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.

Information resources provided by OTFI include the current Specially Des-ignated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, featuring individuals and organi-zations against whom the United States has imposed economic sanctions;

North Korea: What You Need to Know about Sanctions (2008); and Terrorism:

What You Need to Know about U.S. Sanctions (2010).