SÍNTESIS DE LOS RESULTADOS

Instruments or staves?

In the slightly technical meaning of “instrument” used in Sibelius, an instrument is one or more staves with a single name appearing at the left. So a piano with two staves counts as one instru- ment because its name only appears once, between the staves. This also means that Violin 1 counts as one instrument, even though there will typically be many violinists. Even if the Violin 1’s divide onto two staves, the name Violin 1 still only appears once between them, so it’s still only one instrument as far as Sibelius is concerned. Singers are also instruments. If there is a single percus- sion staff, it counts as just one instrument, even though it may be used for snare drum, cymbals, tom-toms, etc. simultaneously.

Creating instruments

At any time you can create an instrument that isn’t already in your score – just choose Home

InstrumentsAdd or Remove (shortcut I).

This is the same as the dialog you get if you click the Change Instruments button during the creation of a new score.

The dialog is split into two halves: the left half is for choosing new instruments to add to the score, and the right half shows you the staves already in the score and allows you to delete them, reorder them, and add extra staves to existing instruments.

To add a new instrument, you can either browse through the list of instruments (which is fun) or find the one you want by name (which is fun and quick).

To find an instrument, simply type the first few letters of its name into the Find box at the top left- hand corner of the dialog. As you type, instruments whose name matches what you have typed will be shown in a drop-down list: when you see the one you want, simply use the  key to select it in the list, and hit Return to go right to it in the list of instruments below.

 Set the Choose from list to the option that most closely matches the kind of ensemble you’re writing for, because different ensembles contain different instruments and often in a slightly dif- ferent order:

 All instruments lists all 600-odd instruments Sibelius knows about  Common instruments omits esoterica like flageolets and bass viols

 Band instruments includes all the instruments you would find in drum corps, marching, military, brass or wind bands

 Jazz instruments lists all the instruments you typically find in jazz combos and big bands  Orchestral instruments has all the woodwind, brass, percussion and strings you’d normally

find in an orchestra

 Rock and pop instruments has guitars, keyboards, singers, and so on  World instruments lists ethnic instruments by geographical region.

 Choose the instrumental family from the Family list, e.g. woodwind, brass, strings, etc.  Select the instrument you want to add from the Instrument list.

Whether you selected the instrument by finding or by browsing, now you need to actually add it to the score:

 Click Add to add it to the Staves in Score list, where it will appear with a + before its name, to indicate it’s new. It is listed in the position in which it will appear in the score when you click OK. You can add several adjacent instruments quickly by dragging down the Instruments list with the mouse before clicking Add.

 If you change your mind, you can select a staff in the Staves in Score list and click Delete from Score to remove it

 You can also select a staff and use the Up and Down buttons to move it in the vertical order. All staves of a single instrument (e.g. both staves of a piano or harp, or all Violin I staves) always move together.

 If you want to make one or more of the staves small, e.g. for a solo instrument, select it in the

Staves in Score list and switch on the Small staff checkbox.

 When you click OK, Sibelius makes all the necessary changes to the score, adding, removing, and/or reordering staves. If the instruments you are adding to your score would make the page too crowded, Sibelius offers to change the staff or page size to make the music better fit the page: click Yes to accept Sibelius’s automatic adjustment, or No to leave the layout as it is (you can always go to LayoutDocument Setup later on to change the staff or page size yourself). You can also use this dialog to add extra staves to existing instruments in your score – see Multi- staff instruments in  2.5 Staves for more details. When you add a new instrument to your score, Sibelius automatically creates a dynamic part for that instrument too –  9.1 Working

with parts.

Deleting instruments

To delete instruments, choose HomeInstrumentsAdd or Remove, select the staff or staves you want to delete from the Staves in Score list, and click Delete from Score; or alternatively, select them throughout the score as a passage by triple-clicking in the score, and hit Delete.

Home In either case, you will be prompted that this will also delete all music on them; if you want to proceed, click Yes, then click OK to close the dialog. As with adding instruments to the score, if you delete enough instruments that pages in your score would look either too empty or too full, Sibelius will offer to change the staff or page size to make the music better fit the page: click Yes to accept Sibelius’s automatic adjustment, or No to leave the layout as it is.

System separators

System separators are thick double lines drawn between systems, normally at the left-hand side, to make the format clearer. Right system separators (drawn at the right margin) are very rarely required but, true to Sibelius’s unrelenting comprehensiveness, are nonetheless available should you hanker after them.

You can switch system separators on or off using Draw left/right separator on the Instruments

page of AppearanceHouse StyleEngraving Rules. You can also set the minimum number of staves a system should have before the separators will appear, and the distance of the separators from the margin.

Because this option is copied into parts, you can also use it to control automatically which parts have separators; e.g. if you want them to appear only in complex percussion parts containing (say) 3 or more staves, you can set the minimum number of staves to 3 in the score, and all the parts will also get the same setting.

Instrument ranges

Sibelius can draw notes in shades of red if they’re too high or low for an instrument’s range (switch on View

Note Colors Notes out of Range –  11.3 Invisibles etc.). Each instrument has two ranges: the “professional” range, and the “comfortable” range, both of which you can adjust.

The professional range, generally speaking, defines the absolute highest and lowest notes playable on a particu- lar instrument; notes outside this range are colored bright red. The comfortable range defines the highest and lowest notes that a typical non-professional player routinely uses; notes outside this range but within the professional range are colored dark red.

Of course, most instruments do not have a clearly- defined range (think of singers, for example). Commonly used optional adaptations to instruments, such as the double bass low C string, the flute low B and piano high C (as opposed to A) tend to be included in the professional range but not the comfortable one.

If you want to adjust the ranges of instruments in your score,  2.6 Edit Instruments.

Transposing instruments

Sibelius takes care of all the complications surrounding transposing instruments for you:

Standard instrument orders

Different kinds of music use standard vertical orders in which instruments usually appear. For example, in orchestral music woodwind goes at the top, followed by brass, percussion, singers, keyboards and strings. Within each section the order is standard too, as shown on Sibelius’s Add or Remove Instruments dia- log.

There are a few exceptions to these standard orders:

 Music where a soloist is predominant and so goes on the top staff

 Percussion: the order of instruments within the percussion section can vary from score to score

 You can input music either at transposed pitch or at sounding (concert) pitch. To switch instantly between the two representations at any time, simply click Home Instruments

Transposing Score (shortcut Ctrl+Shift+T or T).

 When copying music between transposing instruments, Sibelius automatically transposes the music as necessary so that it always sounds the same. This saves big headaches when copying (say) from Clarinet in A to Horn in F.

 When you look at a part for a transposing instrument from a sounding pitch score, you don’t even need to think about transposing the part – Sibelius does it for you automatically

 You can input music from a MIDI keyboard either by playing how it sounds or how it’s written – e.g. you can play transposed parts into Sibelius to produce a combined sounding pitch score. Just set Input pitches to Written in the Note Input group of the ribbon’s Note Input tab.

Accidentals and key signatures for transposing instruments

Sibelius will, by default, notate transposing instruments correctly using appropriate accidentals for the remote key. If you had, say, an A flat written for alto saxophone in F major and then switched on transposing score, Sibelius would correctly notate that note as F natural in D major.

In key signatures that change sign when transposed, potential problems with enharmonic spelling can arise. For example, a score in F sharp major with a part for clarinet in B flat would end up in A flat major when transposed. Under normal circumstances Sibelius would only need to transpose notes up by a major 2nd for the clarinet in B flat, but here the transposition degree changes to a diminished 3rd (i.e. F sharps become A flats as opposed to G sharps).

Sibelius has an option to take care of this rather mind-bending detail automatically for you: switch on Adjust note spelling in transposing instruments in remote keys on the Clefs and Key Signatures page of AppearanceHouse StyleEngraving Rules.

Normally this option should be switched on, but if your score contains special-case spellings that you would not write under normal circumstances, you may find that switching off this option rem- edies problems in the resulting transposition. For example, an A double-flat on a clarinet in B flat in F sharp major does not transpose nicely up a diminished 3rd! (It would become C triple-flat, so rarely used that there is currently no accepted standard as to how this should actually be notated.) In the situation where a transposing instrument’s part could be written using either sharps or flats, Sibelius allows you either to use the key signature resulting from transposing the concert pitch key, or to simplify the key signature using its enharmonic equivalent.

By way of example, consider a piece in B major that has a part for Clarinet in B flat. The composer may wish to write that part in C sharp major using seven sharps, or simplify the key signature to D flat major as it has only five flats. By default, Sibelius will simplify remote key signatures when this happens. However, if you wish to use the unsimplified form, switch off Respell remote key signatures in transposing score on the Clefs and Key Signatures page of Engraving Rules. Multiple players and divisi...

Wind instruments frequently use two or more numbered players, e.g. Trumpets 1, 2 and 3. Strings often divide onto two staves (“divisi”) or sometimes onto several staves numbered by string desks. Choral staves frequently divide onto two staves (semichorus or Dec and Can). There are two ways to handle these situations, depending on the case:

Home ...easy case

If your score is consistent throughout as to which players use which staves, then there’s no prob- lem. For instance, if all three trumpets in a score are always on the same staff, just create a single Trumpet instrument and rename it (say) “Trumpets 1.2.3” at the start.

Similarly, if trumpets 1+2 are always together on one staff and trumpet 3 always has a separate one, just create two separately-named instruments (called “Trumpet 1.2” and “Trumpet 3”), or else create a single instrument (“Trumpets”) and add a second staff to it.

...more complex case

Complications only arise if players hop around from staff to staff mid-score, because then you’ll want to change the names at the left-hand side mid-score.

For instance, all three trumpets may play in unison on a single “Trumpets 1.2.3” staff in some places, they may divide onto two staves (“Trumpets 1.2” and “Trumpet 3”) elsewhere, and in com- plex passages they may even split onto three separate staves.

Because the name at the left-hand side will need to change mid-score, you should create a separate Trumpet instrument for every different name that you want to use – so in a complex score for three trumpets you might create five instruments called Trumpets 1.2.3, Trumpets 1.2, Trumpet 1, Trumpet 2 and Trumpet 3. Then simply write the music on the appropriate staff, and hide the spare staves when not in use ( 2.5 Staves).

Indicate where the staves divide or join, or where the players change, using the Technique text style to write (e.g.) “1.2” or “a 2” or “div.” or “unis.”

Where the number of staves changes, you should put a system break, otherwise you will find par- tially-used staves appearing, which looks odd.

If you want to produce separate parts for individual players,  9.4 Extracting parts.

Doubling instruments

Doubling instruments are two or more instruments played by the same person. In nearly all cases, you should use HomeInstruments Change wherever the player changes instrument (see below).

One possible exception is for unpitched percussion, e.g. triangle, snare drum and bass drum on the same staff. This is discussed in detail in  4.13 Percussion.

Instrument changes

Sibelius makes it easy to change instruments at any point along a staff using Home

InstrumentsChange. First consider whether you want the instrument change to take effect up until the end of the score (or up to an existing instrument change later in the score), or only tem- porarily for a specific passage.

 To change instrument temporarily, first select the passage for which you want the instrument change to take effect; Sibelius will automatically revert to the original instrument at the end of the selection.

 To change instrument permanently, select a single note after which you want the instrument change to take effect, or make no selection (in which case you can click to place the instrument

 Once you have selected where you want the instrument change to begin, and optionally where you want it to end, choose Home Instruments Change (shortcut Ctrl+Shift+Alt+I or I). The dialog shown above appears.

 Just like when you’re choosing instruments to add to your score, you can either type the instrument’s name to find it, or browse through the list to find it. Choose the instrument you want to change to, then set the two extra options as follows:

 If Add clef (if necessary) is switched on, Sibelius will create a clef change at the point where the instrument change occurs, if the clef of the new instrument is different to that of the original instrument

 If Announce at last note of previous instrument is switched on, Sibelius will create a warning, “To [instrument]”, at the start of the rests preceding the change. If you want Sibelius to use a word other than “To” before the instrument’s name in the warning, change Text to precede instrument name.

 Now click OK. If you didn’t have a selection before you opened the dialog, your mouse pointer will now be blue, and you can click in the score to place your instrument change; otherwise, Sibelius automatically creates the instrument change (or changes) at the selection.

Sibelius always does the following for you when you create an instrument change:  Changes the playback sound of the staff as appropriate

 Changes the instrument name on subsequent systems (which you can edit if you wish). If you don’t want the instrument name to change, choose AppearanceHouse StyleEngraving Rules, go to the Instruments page, and switch off Change instrument names at start of system after instrument changes.

 Writes the name of the new instrument above the top of the staff where it starts playing (you can edit this in place if you wish, or change the default instrument change name in Edit Instruments –  2.6 Edit Instruments)

Home  Changes the transposition of the staff, if appropriate (e.g. if switching from a Bb to A clarinet),

showing an appropriate change of key signature if HomeInstrumentsTransposing Score

is switched on

 Changes the staff type, if appropriate (e.g. number of staff lines, tab or normal notation, etc.). The pictures below show how instrument changes appear in your score, in this case when chang- ing from Clarinet in Bb to Alto Saxophone (in Eb). On the left, ViewInvisiblesHidden Objects

is switched on (so you can see exactly where the instrument changes as a gray rectangle), and

HomeInstrumentsTransposing Score is switched off (i.e. the music is in sounding pitch); on the right, Transposing Score is switched on.

When you switch Transposing Score on or off, note that the instrument change may take up more or less space. If you find the spacing looks odd, try selecting the affected bars and choosing

AppearanceReset NotesReset Note Spacing (shortcut Ctrl+Shift+N or N). Editing instrument changes

You can move the instrument change along the staff by dragging either the gray rectangle or the key signature to the left or right, or using the / keys. If a clef change was created alongside the instrument change, note that it will not move when you move the instrument change itself – they are separate objects. (This also means that if you delete the instrument change, the clef will remain, and vice versa.)

The text marking above the instrument change can be moved independently of the instrument change itself, by selecting it and moving it with the mouse or arrow keys. You can edit the text by double-clicking it, just like any other text object; you can also hide the text by selecting it and choosing HomeEditHide or Show (shortcut Ctrl+Shift+H or H).

You can also copy, paste and delete instrument changes just like any other object in Sibelius.

Instrument changes and dynamic parts

By default, instrument changes created in the full score will appear in dynamic parts, but you can delete them in the parts if you want to without affecting the full score. Instrument changes you cre- ate in dynamic parts, conversely, will not appear in the full score. This allows you to create multiple dynamic parts for different instruments or different transpositions – see Parts in different transpositions on page 682.

2.5 Staves

 3.8 Guitar notation and tab, 2.4 Instruments, 4.13 Percussion, 9.1 Working with parts, 7.4 Focus on Staves, 2.6 Edit Instruments.

To move or align staves,  7.3 Staff spacing.

Creating staves

To create a staff for a new instrument, choose HomeInstrumentsAdd or Remove (shortcut

I) –  2.4 Instruments. Multi-staff instruments

Many instruments can have more than one staff:  Keyboard instruments – left hand and right hand  Wind instruments – when there are several players  Percussion – e.g. celesta, complicated marimba writing  Singers – sometimes when divided

 Strings – often when divisi.

To add another staff to an instrument:

 If you want to add a staff throughout the score, make sure you have nothing selected; if, on the

In document Liliana Cardona Ardila. Sandra Liliana Duarte Ospina. Sonia Patricia Jurado. Stella Muñoz Acevedo. Universidad de La Salle (página 65-74)