Finally, with reference to the credibility of ECE reportage, I now wish to return to the account given originally by Raymond Moody in 1976, and to expose its imagined idealization of what each experience should be. It is very misleading to read this account in the belief that it portrays an invariant, archetypal sequence to which all experients are subject. This is Moody’s account:
A man is dying and, as he reaches the point of greatest physical distress, he hears himself pronounced dead by his doctor. He begins to hear an uncomfortable noise, a loud ringing or buzzing, and at the same time feels himself moving very rapidly through a long dark tunnel. After this, he suddenly finds himself outside of his physical body, but still in the immediate physical environment, and he sees his own body from a distance, as though he is a spectator. He watches the resuscitation attempts from this unusual vantage point and is in a state of emotional upheaval.
After a while, he collects himself and becomes more accustomed to his odd condition. He notices that he still has a ‘body’, but one of a very different nature and with very different powers from the physical body he has left behind. Soon other things begin to happen. Others come to meet and to help him. He glimpses the spirits of relatives and friends who have died already, and a loving, warm spirit of a kind he has never encountered before a being of light appears before him. This being asks him a question, non verbally, to make him evaluate his life and helps him along by showing him a panoramic, instantaneous playback of the major events of his life. At some point he finds himself approaching some sort of barrier or border, apparently representing the limit between earthly life and the next life. Yet, he finds that he must go back to earth, that the time for his death has not yet come. At this point he resists, for by now he is taken up with his experiences in the afterlife and does not want to return. He is overwhelmed by intense feelings of joy, love and peace. Despite his attitude, though, he somehow reunites with his physical body and lives.
Later he tries to tell others, but he has trouble doing so. In the first place, he can find no human words adequate to describe these unearthly episodes. He also finds that others scoff, so he stops telling other people. Still, the experience affects his life profoundly, especially his views about death and its relationship to life.
It might be argued that Moody’s synthesis was cleverly executed, in that while he merely related particular aspects of each of his received testimonies, these were preceded by, and incorporated into, his own ‘ideal’ or ‘complete’ experi- ence which embodied all the common elements ‘in the order in which it is typical for them to occur’.11
11
But beware! This nicely rounded account of an idealized ND experience is deceptively ambiguous for several reasons. First, in being strategically placed at the beginning of his book, such a dramatic account conditions readers before being able to independently examine Moody’s evidential testimonies and draw their own unbiased conclusions. Second, Moody declined to give any statistical analysis of the number of respondents experiencing each of the sequential phases of their evolving NDE. This account masquerades as an ideal model. But it is not based on sifted data, but is just representative of opinion conditioned and driven by what Moody imagined ought to be the case. There was sufficient information and opportunity from which to con- struct a provisional hypothesis, but that was not undertaken. Third, Moody had no grounds to speculate that the testimonies which most closely and completely conformed to his model occurred in patients who were ‘dead’ for the longest periods thus allowing them opportunity to experience a ‘deeper form of ND event’. Because of the retrospective nature of the material he was working with, he could not have possessed that necessary kind of informa- tion. Fourth, Moody conflates OBE and NDE as sequential phases of the one experience. That is a further error on his part. For example, that is not how Ritchie’s experience developed. Neither was it the case with Pam Reynolds, whose OBE occurred several hours before her emergent NDE began taking shape.
2 . 2 . C U LT U R A L R E L AT I V I T Y: E C E I N H I S TO R I C A L A N D G E O G R A P H I C A L C O N T E XT
Earlier, I made reference to Ritchie’s ECE narrative on account of its failure to conform to Moody’s idealized synthesis. But Ritchie’s testimony also bears a close relationship to some other historically based accounts of ‘other-world’ journeys, a literature of which Moody and Ring were initially unaware. Indeed, when publishing their books, they thought they were describing an entirely new phenomenon. Perusal of the historical and geographical ECE literature affirms that there is no universalized typology for this phenome- nology: we must take note of the incisive cultural impact.
In the historical literature, the shaman is the prototypical other-world traveller whether venturing into deep, dark caves to the ocean floor, or towards the seventh level of the heavens, occasioned by means of an ecstatic frenzy engineered ritualistically or through some other ‘psychophysical
charade’. Indeed, Weston La Barre12 takes the shamanic argument to the extreme in proposing that knowledge of the supernatural derives ‘de facto’ from prophets and shamans influenced by hallucinogenic drugs. Thus the supernatural is entirely subjective: the ‘mysterium tremendum et fascinans’13 simply comes from within. It is the ecstatic trance, dream or fugue about the inner spiritual spark, the yearning for fertility, and the ineffable feeling of escape from the inner anxieties of death creating the need for an immortal, everlasting soul. In states of sensory deprivation or dream-states, the subjec- tive self emerges to reveal its autobiographical signature. Today’s priests are merely administrators of the church. Jesus was the great shaman-seer, an impresario of the eternal Spirit and helper God.