Segmentación

11.1

Algeria (1820-2010)

Populations for 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1913, 1920, 1930, 1936, 1948, 1954, 1966, 1980, 1987 come from Maa Table A2 p. 14. Population for 1948 and 1980 are interpolated from 1936 and 1954, 1966 and 1987 values. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1948, 1954, 1966, 1980 and 1987 come from Maa Table A2 p. 14. The age distribution for Algeria for 1980 is interpolated from 1966 and 1987 values. The age distribution prior to 1948 is assumed identical to the 1948 age distribution. Age distributions for Algeria 2000 and 2010 come from the Demographic Yearbook. For 2010 we adjusted the 2008 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in 2008

Labor force figures for 1948, 1954, 1980 and 1987 come from Maa Table B1 p. 90. For 1960 and 1973 we usedWDR. For 1966 we interpolated. Labor force figures for Algeria 2000 and 2010 come fromWDR. For 1820-1956 we used the following procedure. We used Clio Infra for urbanization rates for 1820-1950, and

WDRandWDI for 1960-2010. We interpolated between 1800 and 1850 for 1820-1840, and we interpolated between 1850 and 1900 for 1860-1890, and we interpolated between 1900 and 1950 for 1913-1940. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 75% for 1820-1954, 55% for 1960, 1966 and 1973, and 50% for 1980-2010. We assumed an urban 15-64 labor force participation rate of 50% for 1820-2010. We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that from WDI and WDR. The root mean ratio for the overlapping years 1948-2010 is 1.019. The 1948 and 1954 values are .948 and .995. The range of the ratio is .948 to 1.075.

Real output come from Maddison. Physical capital investment rates come from the intraperiod average gross real capital formation and real income for 1950-1998 from Maa Table J1, p. 1010 andWDR(various years). For 2010 we used the average investment rate for 2000-2009 from S & H. Mitchell provides sectoral output shares for 1954, 1966, 1980-2000. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares for 1820-1948, as well as for 1960 and 1973. We used the US 1840-1940 capital - sectoral output ratios, applying 1840 to 1820 and 1830, to produce our capital estimates for 1820-1936. We used WDI for our 2010 sectoral output shares. We used Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) for capital stocks in 1948-1990. We used the 1950 capital output ratio to compute our 1948 value. We used perpetual inventory for 2000 and 2010.

Enrollments in primary and secondary schools from 1860 (primary) 1873 (secondary)-1993 come from Maa Table I1 pp. 966, 968 and 973. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. Higher education enrollments for 1910-1993 come from Maa Table I2 pp. 996 and 997. Our primary school enrollment rate time series is: 2.70% (1820-1850), 2.70% (1860 datum). We assumed that each secondary school enrollment rate from 1820-1860 was equal to the 1870 secondary school enrollment rate relative to the the 1870 primary enrollment rate multiplied by the 1860 primary enrollment rate. Our secondary school enrollment rate time series is: .42% (1820-1860), .77% (1870 datum). These produce education exposure in 1870 of 3 percent, primary exposure of 3 percent and secondary school exposure of 0 percent. This is similar to Morrisson & Murtin values of 9 percent exposure, 9 percent primary exposure, 0 percent secondary exposure. Our higher education enrollment rate time series is: 0% (1820-1850), .01% (1860), .01% (1870), .04% (1880), .05% (1890), .06% (1900), .08%

(1910 datum). For 2010 we used HDR for all enrollment rates. We interpolated for our 2000 enrollment rates. Our time series of years of schooling in the labor force for 1870-1920 is: .23 (1870), .36 (1880), .45 (1890), .66 (1900), .86 (1913), .99 (1920). The Morrisson & Murtin time series of years of schooling is: .40 (1870), .44 (1880), .48 (1890), .50 (1900), .62 (1910), .72 (1920).

11.2

Egypt (1820-2010)

Populations for 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910 come from Mitchell. Populations for 1917, 1927, 1937, 1947, 1960, 1966 and 1975 come from Maa Table A2 p. 15. Population for 1966 is geometrically interpolated from 1960 and 1975 values. Populations for 1980 and 1990 come from S & H online. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1917, 1927, 1937, 1947, 1960 and 1975 come from Maa Table A2 p. 15. The age distributions for 1820-1910 are assumed to be identical to the age distribution in 1917. The age distributions for Egypt for 1966, 1980, 1990 are interpolated from 1960, 1975, 1992 values. Age distributions for Egypt 2000 and 2010 come from theDemographic Yearbook. For 2010 we adjusted the 2013 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in 2013.

Labor force figures for 1917, 1927, 1937, 1947, 1960, 1966, 1976 and 1986 come from Maa Table B1 p. 91. We used Saleh (2015) for labor force data for years 1850, 1870, 1900, 1910. We interpolated for 1860, 1880, 1890. Saleh provides labor force participation rates by gender for 1848, 1868, 1897, 1907, 1917. His data can be checked against Maa for years 1917, 1927 and 1937, and are quite similar. Labor force figures for Egypt 2000 and 2010 comes from WDR. For 1820, 1830 and 1840 we used the following procedure.25

For 1820-1950 we used Clio Infra for urbanization rates. We used Clio Infra for urbanization rates for 1820-1950, and WDR and WDI for 1960-2010. We interpolated between 1800 and 1850 for 1820-1840, and we interpolated between 1850 and 1900 for 1860-1890, and we interpolated between 1900 and 1950 for 1913-1940. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 56.75% for 1820-1840 (which is the average rural labor force participation rate of 15-64 we used for 1850-1900), 42.5% for 1850, 41.25% for 1860, 40% for 1870, 53.75% for 1880, 70% for 1890, 93% for 1900, 54.25% for 1910, 94.875% for 1917, 79.5% for 1927, 72% for 1937, 60.5% for 1947, 56.75% for 1960, 51.5% for 1966, 44.5% for 1973, 1980, 54.5% for 1990, 48.9% for 2000 and 53.75% for 2010. We assumed an urban 15-64 labor force participation rate of 40% for 1820-1870, 50% for 1880, 1890, 55% for 1900, 50% for 1910-1966, 44.5% for 1973, 43.5% for 1980, 50% for 1990, 48.9% for 2000 and 51% for 2010 . We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that from

WDI and WDR. The root mean ratio for the overlapping years 1850-2010 is 1.001. The 1850 and 1860 values are 1.003 and 1.002. The range of the ratio is .998 to 1.003.

Real output come from Maddison. From 1960 onward we used the intraperiod average investment rate from S & H online andWDR (various years). Mitchell provides sectoral output shares for 1960-2000. The

WDI provides sectoral output shares for 2010. The 1956UN Statistical Yearbook provides sectoral output shares for 1947. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares for 1820-1937. We used the US 1850-1950 capital - sectoral output ratios, applying the 1850 values for 1820, 1830 and 1840, to construct our capital estimates for 1820-1947. We used perpetual inventory for 1960-2010.

25

Our 1900 value of 4.482 million workers is consistent with about 8% of the workforce in industry. An estimate, contained in Owen, of industrial workers in 1897 produces a value of 352 thousand industrial workers, Our estimated manufacturing share of GDP is 9.2% in 1900.

Enrollment rates for 1850-1890 come from Morris and Adelman. Our 1850 observations for primary school, secondary school and higher education enrollment rates are: 2%, .2%, and .01%, respectively. For 1820, 1830 and 1840, we assumed 2 percent primary enrollment rates, .2 percent secondary enrollment rates and 0 percent higher education enrollment rates. Enrollment rates for 1900, 1910 and 1917 come from Lindert. This produces 1870 education shares of 2 percent, 2 percent primary exposure and 0 percent secondary exposure. This compares with Morrisson & Murtin values of 2 percent, 1 percent primary exposure and 1 percent secondary exposure. Enrollments in primary and secondary schools from 1920-1993 come from Maa Table I1 pp. 968 and 974. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. Prior to 1910 we assumed 0 percent enrollment rate for 1820-1840, 0.01 percent for 1850-1890, and .02 percent for 1900. Higher education enrollments for 1910- 1993 come from Maa Table I2 pp. 996 and 997. Our higher education share match Morrisson & Murtin 1820-1950. For 2010 we usedHDR for all enrollment rates. For 2000 we interpolated all enrollment rates. Our time series of years of schooling in the labor force for 1870-1930 is: .11 (1870), .12 (1880), .12 (1890), .13 (1900), .10 (1910), .54 (1917) and 1.05 (1927). The Morrisson & Murtin time series of years of schooling is: .15 (1870), .17 (1880), .23 (1890), .30 (1900), .42 (1910), .45 (1920) and .74 (1930).

11.3

Libya (1950-2010)

Populations for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 come from Maa Table A5 p 53. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 come from KF. Age distribution for Libya 2010 comes from the Demographic Yearbook. For 2010 we adjusted the 2006 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in 2006.

Labor force figures for 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 come from WDR (various years). For 1950 we used Banks for urban-rural population shares for 1950 and 1960. We adjusted his 1952 value to reflect urban growth. We used WDR and WDI for urban-rural population shares for 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 55% for 1950, 1960 and 1970, 80% for 1980, and 70% for 1990, 2000 and 2010. We assumed an urban 15-64 labor force participation rate of 50% for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1990 and 2010, 65% for 1980 and 2000. We constructed the ratio of this labor force with that from WDR. The root mean ratio is 1.007 for the overlapping years 1960-2010. The 1960 and 1970 values are 1.014 and 1.015, respectively. No values are below .975 and only one value is at 1.048. Real output for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 come from Maddison. Real output for 2010 comes from the 2000 Maddison value with the real PPP per capita income growth rates from 2000 to 2010 fromWDI applied. The 1960-2000 investment rates are the intraperiod average investment rate taken from Maa Table J1 p. 1016 andWDR (various years). TheWDI provides sectoral output shares for 2000 and 2010. We assumed that the 2000 farming share, .052, holds for 1990 and 1980. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares for 1950-1990. We used the US 1950-1970 capital - sectoral output ratios to construct our capital estimates for 1950-1970. We used Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) for 1980 and 1990. We used perpetual inventory for 2000 and 2010.

Enrollment rates in primary and secondary schools for 1960-1990 come fromWDR, (various years). For 1950 we used Banks (1971). We assumed the primary school and secondary school ages are 6-11 and 12-17. The tertiary school enrollments are fromWDR (various years). For 2010 we usedHDR for all enrollment

rates. For 2000 we interpolated all enrollment rates.

11.4

Morocco (1820-2010)

Populations for 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1913, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1951, 1960, 1971 and 1980 come from Maa Table A2 p. 16. Population for 1990 comes from Maddison. Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1951, 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1990 come from Maa Table A2 p. 16. We assumed the age distribution prior to 1951 was identical to the age distribution in 1951. The age distribution for Morocco for 1980 and 1990 are interpolations using 1971, 1982 and 1993. Age distributions for Morocco 2000 and 2010 come from theDemographic Yearbook. For 2000 we adjusted the 2002 age distribution, and for 2010 we adjusted the 2013 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in the reference year.

Labor force figures for Morocco for 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010 come from WDR (various years). For years prior to 1982 we used the following procedure. We used Clio Infra for urbanization rates for 1820-1900, and UN 1969 for urbanization rates for 1920-1960, and WDR andWDI for 1970-2010. We interpolated between years 1800 and 1850 for the 1820-1840 values, and interpolated between 1850 and 1900 for the 1860-1890 values. Finally we interpolated between 1900 and 1920 for the 1913 value. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 72.5% for 1982, and 53% for 1990, 2000 and 2010. We assumed an urbal 15-64 labor force participation rate of 50% for 1982-2010. We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that fromWDR. The root mean ratio is 1.001. The 1982 and 1990 values are .997, .998. The range of the ratios is .997 to 1.011.

Real output come from Maddison. Physical capital investment rates for 1960-2009 come from the intraperiod average investment rates from S & H online and WDR (various years). Mitchell provides sectoral output shares for 1951-2000. TheWDI provides sectoral output shares for 2010. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares for 1820-1940. We used US 1840-1940 capital - sectoral output ratios, applying 1850 values to 1820, 1830 and 1840, to construct our 1820-1940 capital estimates. We used Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) for capital stocks in 1951-1990. We used perpetual inventory for 2000 and 2010.

Enrollments in primary and secondary schools from 1914-1993 come from Maa Table I1 pp. 970 and 976. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. Higher education enrollments for 1914-1993 come from Maa Table I2 pp. 996 and 999. For years prior to 1913 we assume primary, secondary and higher education enrollment rates that were 90 percent of the primary, secondary and higher education enrollment rates of the succeeding decade. Our primary school enrollment rate time series is: 1.4% (1820), 1.6% (1830), 1.7% (1840), 1.9% (1850), 2.1% (1860), 2.4% (1870), 2.6% (1880), 2.9% (1890), 3.3% (1900), 3.6% (1913 datum). Our secondary school enrollment rate time series is: .2% (1820), .2% (1830), .3% (1840), .3% (1850), .3% (1860), .4% (1870), .4% (1880), .4% (1890), .5% (1900), .55% (1913 datum). Our higher education enrollment rate time series is: .003% (1820), .003% (1830), .003% (1840), .004% (1850), .004% (1860), .005% (1870), .005% (1880), .006% (1890), .006% (1900), .007% (1913 datum). These produce nearly an exact match of the 1870-1950 education shares from Morrisson & Murtin. For all enrollment rates in 2010 we used HDR. We interpolated for all enrollment rates in 2000. Our time series of years of schooling in the labor force for 1870-1920 is: .12 (1870), .13 (1880), .15 (1890), .16 (1900), .19 (1913), ..20 (1920). The Morrisson & Murtin time series of years of schooling is:

.05 (1870), .06 (1880), ..08 (1890), .10 (1900), .15 (1910), .21 (1920).

11.5

Tunisia (1820-2010)

Populations for 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1913, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1956, 1966 comes from Maa Table A2 p. 18. Population for 1973 is geometrically interpolated from 1966 and 1984 from Maa Table A2 p. 18. Populations for 1981 and 1990 come from S & H (1991). Population for 2000 comes fromTime Almanac 2001. Population for 2010 comes fromWikipedia.

The age distributions for 1956 and 1966 come from Maa Table A2 p. 18. We assumed the same age distribution in year prior to 1956 as for 1956. The age distribution for Tunisia 1973 is geometrically interpolated from 1966 and 1984 from Maa Table A1 p. 18. The age distributions for Tunisia for 1990 comes from DK. Age distributions for Tunisia 2000 and 2010 come from the Demographic Yearbook. For 2000 we adjusted the 1998 age distribution, and for 2010 we adjusted the 2008 age distribution. We adjust by assuming the same share by age category as in the reference year.

Labor force figures for Tunisia 1966, 1975, 1984 and 1990 come fromWDI. Labor force figures for Tunisia 2000 and 2010 come fromWDR. For 1820-1956 we used the following procedure. We used Clio Infra for urbanization rates for 1820-1950, andWDR and WDI for 1960-2010. We interpolated between 1800 and 1850 for 1820-1840, and we interpolated between 1850 and 1900 for 1860-1890, and we interpolated between 1900 and 1950 for 1913-1940. We assumed a rural 15-64 labor force participation rate of 58% for 1820-2010, and an urban 15-64 labor force participation rate of 50% for 1820-2010. We constructed the ratio of this labor force to that fromWDI andWDR. The root mean ratio for the overlapping years 1966-2010 is .987. The 1966 and 1973 values are .908 and 1.000. The range of the ratio is .908 to 1.051.

Real GNP come from Maddison. Physical capital investment rates for 1966-2010 come from the in- traperiod average investment rates from S & H online andWDR(various years). Mitchell provides sectoral output shares for 1956-2000, and the WDI provides sectoral output shares for 2010. We used Sabillon (2005) information on farming, manufacturing and aggregate growth rates to construct sectoral output shares for 1820-1950. We used US 1850-1950 capital - sectoral output ratios, applying 1850 values for 1820, 1830 and 1840, to construct our 1820-1950 capital estimates. We used Nehru and Dhareshwar (1993) for capital stocks in 1956-1990; we used the 1960 capital output ratio for 1956. We used perpetual inventory for 2000 and 2010.

Enrollments in primary and secondary schools from 1895-1993 come from Maa Table I1 p. 967, 972 and 979. To calculate enrollment rates, we assumed 6-11 are primary school age and 12-17 are secondary school age. Higher education enrollments for 1943-1993 come from Maa Table I2 p. 996 and 1000. For years prior to 1900 we assumed that primary enrollment rates, secondary enrollment rates were 85 percent of the succeeding decade’s primary, secondary, and for higher education enrollment rates we assumed 90 percent of the succeeding decade value. Our primary school enrollment rate time series is: 2.5% (1820), 2.8% (1830), 3.1% (1840), 3.5% (1850), 3.9% (1860), 4.3% (1870), 4.8% (1880), 5.3% (1890) (1900 datum). Our secondary school enrollment rate time series is: 0.3% (1820), 0.3% (1830), 0.4% (1840), 0.4% (1850), 0.5% (1860), 0.5% (1870), 0.6% (1880), .66% (1890) (1900 datum). Our higher education enrollment rate time series is: .1% (1820-1830), .2% (1840-1850), .3% (1860), .4% (1870), .6% (1880), .7% (1890), .1% (1900), .1% (1910), .2% (1920), .2% (1930), .3% (1940 datum). For 2010 we usedHDR for all enrollment rates. For all 2000 enrollment rates we interpolated. These produce education shares that match Morrisson & Murtin for 1870-1900. Our time series for years of schooling in the labor force is: .25 (1870), .28 (1880),

.31 (1890), .35 (1900), .39 (1913) and .62 (1920). The Morrisson & Murtin time series of years of schooling is: .30 (1870), .33 (1880), .34 (1890), .37 (1900), .39 (1910) and .42 (1920).