Otras sugerencias
5. Seis maneras de agradar
At night, when one is asleep, the hun comes across them and they achieve form through imagination. Now, when one looks at one's dreams in old age they all seem to be about things experienced in
one's younger days. Is it not that the hun consists
of the yang vital breath of childhood (shao yang zhi
Dreams, however, are not only due to the interaction of
yin and y a n g . They may also be brought about by corporeal
stimuli. Therefore
if one's belly is full one dreams of giving away.
If one is hungry one dreams of taking. If the
qi of the liver is abundant the dream is one of
anger. If the ^i_ of the lungs is abundant one
75 dreams of crying.
In this chapter I have attempted to show the sources used for a dream occurring in the Voyage to the Western Ocean as well as for the examples of other dreams quoted in the course of its
solution. Finally I have given some brief technical details on
the process of dreaming as understood by the ancient Chinese.
7^. Qixiu leigao, ch. 15, p. 226.
75. Huangdi nei.jing suwen, ch. 5, p. Ha. I have translated
this myself to make it more literal. See also Veith, I.,
158
.Were Gao Pian and Xue Tao friends?
After their sojourn to the netherworld some of the crew members brought back with them a jade paperweight in the form of a sleeping lion. This was a gift bestowed on them by Yama, king of the netherworld. Nobody knew what to make of it, but the guoshi told them of its connection with Xue Tao ^ and
T irt
Gao Pian ^ , both of them Tang dynasty people. In this chapter I therefore propose to deal with their connection in history and fiction.
The life of Xue Tao, zi_ Hongdu jit or , is not well documented, and we are dependent on a Yuan dynasty writer, Fei Zhu ^ , for most of the details. Fei Zhu is not well known either. He was a native of Huayang , i.e. the modern Chengdu ^ in Sichuan. He passed the jinshi examin
ation and was appointed as assistant teacher (zhujiaoguan
ß 'p ^ in ^he ImPerial University (Guozijian Tr ^ ) and attained the post of administrator (zongguan 2,/^ ) of
Zhongqing (Chungking). The major part of his life seems
3
to have occurred in the first half of the fourteenth century.
1
1.
2.
3.
Xiyang j i , chs., 87-91, pp. 503-538.
Siku quanshu zongmu <V , c h . 70. pp. Ulb-U2a.
I have only been able to find two dates connected with his 1, 10th m o n t h , nam e . The first one is Taiding
gui-si ^ tL date (November 13, 1 3 2 M , when he was sent out with others to make selections for office (Yuan shi
, ch. 29, pp. 17a-b). The second is his preface to a Gazetteer of Chengdu (Chengdu zhi fyd ) he
compiled, dated 2nd month of Zhizheng jll 3 (March, 13^3) . This preface is contained in Chengdu-fuzhi
7^ (Wanli 3^ ed.), ch. 37, pp. 2*+a-25a.
159
.While he was in Sichuan, on what occasion is not known, he saw that "through the devastation of war in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty many old points of interest had not been
recovered. Thus he pursued things of bygone days, jotted them
down, and the result was the Suihua jili pu (A
Record of the Glories and Fascination of Years past)" .
This small work contains a short biography of Xue T a o , due entirely to the fact that her name was associated with a certain
-ft, &
kind of paper made in Sichuan, the Xue Tao-jian %% , which
was a deep red colour.'* The paper obtained its name because
"Xue Tao . . . was fond of composing small poems, but unhappily
her scroll was a long one. As she did not desire to lengthen her
poem she ordered an artisan to reduce the paper. The literary
world of Sichuan found this new size most convenient and adopted
M 6
it henceforth for its own use .
k.
5.
6
.Siku quanshu zongmu, ch. TO, p. ^2a. This work is also
known by the title Chengdu youyan ji ffe
in the Xuehai leibian iJ&P
Baoyantang miji || ^ ^ , part guang ^ ,
n o . h, p . 3 b .
Li Kuangyi yjr £ , Zixia ji , c h . zhong ,
p. 5b. Contained in Gu-shi wenfang xiaoshuo
/ K 1 • According to the Siku quanshu zongmu LiKuangyi ,
zi Jiweng ^ , was Li Mian's ^ ^ (717-788) grand
nephew and must therefore have lived towards the end of
the Tang dynasty (ch. Il8, p. 6a). In the version quoted
here the characters ^ are used. The Tangshi jishi
jtg' \ \ ^ (Sibu congkan <Z7 ^r\\ ed.) ,
ch. 1 9, p. 3b, narrating the same story uses the orthodox
characters.
H.A. Giles' Chinese Biographical Dictionary (p. 29^) seems
to have mixed up two unrelated things. He says that "the
ornamental paper named after Xue Tao was said to have been (continued on page l6 0.)
i6o. Fei Zhu then proceeds to give a brief biography of
Xue Tao:
|_She3 was the daughter of a good family from Changan.
ao 7
Her father, whose names was Yun , died while
(continued from page 159») dipped by her in a stream from which water had been taken some years before by a concubine of Cui Ning ^ , to wash the stole of a Buddhist priest who had fallen into a cesspool, and which stream had at once become miraculously filled with flowers". The Chengdu fuzhi quotes Wu Zhongfu \\%^ as recording a tombstone inscription for Cui Ning's wife, nee Ren which said that she saw this monk, and the paper associ ated with her was known as Ten-colour Paper (shise jian
), said to have been peach-coloured (ch. 2, p. 13b). (Wu Zhongfu lived from 1011-1078. See
biography in Songshi , ch. 322, pp. 3a-4b). Ren Zhengi 'f-i — , You wanhua ,ji 'Jfär t (Going to Wanhua), quoted in Chengdu fuzhi (ch. 43, p. 22b) also tells this story without mentioning Xue Tao. Nothing is known of Ren Zhengyi except that he was the author of a
Gantang zhengyi ^ TfL ^ in 30 chapters ( the Gantang being a poem in the Book of Odes) , see Songshi, ch. 202, p. 4a. According to the Shu ,ji ^ ^ (An Account of Sichuan) the matter of the monk and Mme Ren happened in the Dali A
Quoted in Chengdu fuzhi, ch. 32, p. 17b). itself is now lost.
The Gao.Han zhuibi ^f| (Drafts of Post scripts) (in Shuofu ^ , Corrmercial Press ed., c h . 44, p. 10a), by Zhang Yuan % gives Zheng 7.
reign period (766-779). The Shu ji
\;
-r
instead of Yun. Neither name can be verified. Zhang
>>
Yuan, _zi_ Boshen ^ k , lived during the Song dynasty, but very little is known about him. In the preface to
post at Nanchangv^
f
<£)_ Country House (Nanshu caotang J?-
the Gaojian zhuibi he says that "after he gave up his he lived at the Southern Thatched
) at the bank of the Ruoxi ^ (in Jiangsu). (Shuofu, ch. 44, p. 7a). In the text the reign period Xining
(1068-1077) is mentioned. (ibid., p. 8b).
i6l. serving on a post in Sichuan. Her widowed mother
looked after her, and soon she made a name for her-
&
8
At that time Wei Gao "5 self with her poetry
was garrisoning Sichuan,'" and he summoned her to wait on him with wine and poetry. Many of his retainers changed her social standing. After some years Wei Gao petitioned that she be given the title of Secretarial Revisor of Texts (jiaoshulang
) but the Military Protector (hujun Afterwards the proposal
4
-blocked it.
was abandoned. Xue Tao frequented Wei G a o ’s headquarters until the arrival of Li Deyu
(when Wei Gao set out on a military
8
.9.
10.
11.
Wei Gao, zi Chengwu , was from Wannian 3^- (in mod. Shanxi). He was appointed to the post of legate (jiedushi ^ ^ ) in Zhenyuan ^ ; 0 1 (785) and held it for twenty-one years when he died suddenly at the age of sixty-one. (Xin Tangshu , ch. 158, pp. la-5b). Des Rotours explains the positions as
Mun commissaire imperial au commandement [d’une region^
j /
etait charge de diriger les troupes, et avait le droit d ’infliger la peine de mort sans en referer a l ’empereur" . (Traite des Fonctionnaires et Traite/ de 1’A r m e e , Leiden, 19^7, v o l . 2. p. 662).
A minor post, the holder being an official of the ninth rank, third class. See Des Rotours, o p . c i t . , vol. 1, p. 772. MIls etaient charges de comparer et arranger les documents et les reglements, et d ’effacer et de rectifier les fautes et les erreurs". (Ibid). Hence forth the title "jiaoshu" was often used an an appellation for singing girls in Sichuan. See He Guangyuan 4^1 ^ > Jian.jie-lu , ch. 1 0, p. 11a, written during the Five Dynasties period and contained in Zhibuzu-zhai congshu ^ < 2 , ser. 22.
A post of the third rank, second class. Des Rotours, o p . c i t . , vol. 1, p. 151.
For Li D e y u ’s campaigns in Sichuan see Jiu Tangshu, ch.17^ (continued on page 162.)
162. campaign in Western Zhejiang). This known through poems. Among those who patronized her were Yuan Zhen , Bo Juyi
4
? , Niu Sengru, Linghu Chu ^ ^ ^ , Pei Du ^ , Yan Shou , Zhang Ji ^ ^ , Du M u ^ t ^ _ ,
Liu Yuxi ^ , Wu Wuling and Zhang
Hu • . . . Xue Tao then moved to
Baihuatan 0 tb (One Hundred Flowers P o o l ) ^ . . . Her last years were spent at Bijifang 3^
(Jade Chicken W a r d ) , where she built the Yinshilou (The Tower of Poetry), and then lived in seclusion upstairs. Afterwards Duan Wenchang ^ ^ garrisoned Chengdu for the second time. When she died in the Taihe years (827-835) at the age of seventy-three years Duan wrote the
l4 necrologue for her” .
Because of these last two sentences it is possible to fix the date of Xue Tao's birth and death to within the short span of about three years in either case. One has, of course, to assume that Fei Zhu's account is reasonably correct. As it happens there is no conflicting account nor, indeed, any other account. Tenta tively I therefore follow Fei Zhü.
Duan Wenchang, zi_ Moqing 7^- and J i n g c h u ^ ,
(continued from page l6l.) pp. llb-12a, or Tang Chengye > Li Deyu yanjiu ^
Xuesheng shuju ^ , Taipei, 197*+, pp. 109-113. 12. All these will be dealt with in succeeding paragraphs
. A? -xh
13. Perhaps better known as Wanhuaxi \)c y*^ . It is about four to five l_i southwest of Chengdu.
Chengdu fuzhi, ch. 2, p. 13b.
163
.who owed the start of his career to Wei Gao was made legate of Western Sichuan for the first time in Changqing ^ 1 ( 8 2 l ) . ^
In Taihe h (830) he was transferred to garrisoning duties in Jingnan 3p 1] (in Hubei). Two years later, in 832, he went back to his former post in Sichuan, where he died suddenly in the
*1 ft third month of Taihe 9 (April, 835) at the age of sixty-three. Now Fei Zhu makes specific mention that Xue Tao died while Duan was in Sichuan for the second time, that is in the years 832 to 835. Since her age at death was seventy-three years (sui), or seventy-two by western reckoning, it follows that her birth must fall between the years 760 and 763.
Now I will turn to the various men said to have patronized