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Climate change and protection, as well as combating the potential consequences of climate change have also been the focus of public attention in Germany for some time now. Climate change is set to continue unabated in the coming years, with Germany also affected. The average annual temperature and extreme temperatures will increase while precipitation will decrease. However, heavy rainfalls will occur more regularly, as will summer heat waves and extreme heat days, while the autumn and winter months will become wetter.

Cities and municipalities have already put considerable effort into the area of climate protection in the past. Integrated urban development plans for compact building design, multi-functionality, polycentrality, decentralized concentration, housing density in traffic corridors, as well as the reuse of derelict land for new businesses and residential or recreational areas are more relevant than ever in view of climate change.

Around 40% of the energy used in Germany is employed to heat buildings and provide hot water. Energy-efficient urban refurbishment needs to implement energy-saving measures at the broad structural level when renovating and constructing buildings, as well as planning measures to in- crease the efficiency of central power plants and optimize traffic flows, while also using renewable sources of energy. There is enormous potential for savings in municipalities in terms of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, climate protection measures are also an important instrument for municipalities to boost regional economies and ensure job security. Rais-

102 Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs: Bundesministerium startet Preis „Stadt bauen. Stadt leben“, http://www.bmvbs.de/Stadtentwicklung_-Wohnen-,1500.1065051/Bundesbau-ministerium-startet-P.htm (07/06/09). 103 Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection: Announcement for the 23rd federal "Our village has a

ing people's awareness of the need to step up their climate protection efforts promotes not only in- vestment in a region but also the energy-efficient modernization of municipal infrastructure. Cities establish biotope networks and biotope and species protection strategies, which in turn gen- erate high quality open and public spaces in the often strongly sealed and densely populated cit- ies. They have developed concepts for retaining open spaces with important climatic activity and cold air generating areas. The regional park concepts of some metropolitan areas and conurba- tions, such as Emscher Park, the 'Green Ring' in Leipzig, Saar Regional Park or the regional parks around Berlin integrate the potential of derelict land in various ways and to varying degrees. Rena- turalizing derelict land and creating secondary forests as a form of "temporary nature" are also of significance in the regional context of the Ruhr area. These settlement and commercial concepts can promote urban characteristics, restrict land utilization, include climate-friendly open spaces and utilize the technical and social infrastructure efficiently.

Changes resulting from the demographic shift also come to the fore in the context of combating climate change – or, more broadly, sustainable urban development. In the long term, not only is the population ageing, but it is also decreasing. These trends make strategies for sustainable ur- ban development involving economic, technological and social aspects all the more necessary in order to have attractive urban areas for living, working and numerous other activities in future, de- spite the demographic changes.

Of the 148 DIFU programmes, one third contribute to "combating climate change" as a priority or as a predominant further objective. Consequently, as is the case with the other fields of action, only a small selection can be examined below. The focus of the following discussion is on "energy efficiency" in order to illustrate which of the various ministerial pro- grammes (especially funding programmes and competitions) essentially support the "energy effi- ciency" field of action as a relevant module for implementing the climate protection objectives.

3.5.1 Legal instruments

The legislative provisions also constitute the basis for numerous further activities in terms of com- bating climate change. Consequently, in August 2007 the federal government resolved to establish the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme (IECP). It includes the cornerstones for improving the security of energy supplies, economic viability and environmental compatibility.104 _{With the}

adoption of the IECP by the federal cabinet in December 2007 and June 2008, a number of bills and draft regulations were initiated. This meant that energy efficiency became a primary issue, in addition to the expansion of renewable forms of energy.

With the Cogeneration Act105 _{the German government aims to support new forms of energy tech-}

nology. The law obliges grid operators to connect combined heat and power plants that are eligible for funding to their network and to buy their power in preference to other sources. The aim is to in- crease the proportion of power generated by cogeneration in the Federal Republic of Germany to 25%, contributing to the climate protection goals set by the German government. This will facilitate a huge potential for environmentally compatible and sustainable energy provision to be realized, especially in cities and municipalities.

Increasing the proportion of renewable energies contributing to electric power also serves this ob- jective, which is regulated by the amended Renewable Energies Act that came into force on Janu- ary 1 2009, replacing the 2004 version. The act makes provision for regular progress reports to be

104 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: The Integrated Energy and Climate Programme of the German Government; http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/hinter¬ grund_meseberg_en.pdf (20/05/09).

105 Federal Ministry of Justice: Gesetz für die Erhaltung, die Modernisierung und den Ausbau der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsgesetz) KWKG 2002 vom 19.03.2002; http://bundesrecht.juris.de/bundesrecht/¬ kwkg_2002/gesamt.pdf (20/05/09).

submitted to the German parliament by the BMU, BMELV and BMWi. The 2007 progress report106

showed that the proportion of renewable energy related to primary energy consumption had more than doubled since the act came into force in 2000. The 2010 target had already been reached by 2007. Positive ecological developments and a significant rise in employment have been docu- mented.107

References to climate protection can also be identified in the German Building Code, although they are not designated as such explicitly. These include §1a BauGB “Consideration for Environ- mental Concerns” and “Part 7: Nature Conservation Measures”. When preparing urban develop- ment plans, these sections make provision for using land economically and sensitively, reusing land, subsequently increasing building density and applying other internal development measures, as well as limiting the degree of sealed surfaces, not only for environmental protection reasons, but also in the interests of sustainable (urban planning) development. The current usage of agricul- tural areas, forests or residential areas may only be modified to the extent necessary. If this is not possible, compensatory measures must be taken by the project initiator, with the municipality tak- ing responsibility for implementation.108

3.5.2 Financial instruments

Since the auctioning of emission trading certificates commenced at the beginning of 2008, the Federal Ministry for the Environment has had additional budgetary funds for implementing a Na-

tional Climate Initiative. The main objective of the Climate Initiative is to work toward the German

climate protection goal by cost-effectively tapping into existing potential for emission reductions and advancing innovative pilot projects for climate protection. Increasing energy efficiency and util- izing more renewable energies are at the forefront of this effort.109 _{Six funding programmes have}

already been published within the framework of the National Climate Initiative. Of particular note within the context of "urban development" is the funding programme for municipalities, social and

cultural facilities. This enables target groups to apply for funding to draw up climate protection

strategies, for electricity-saving technologies and climate protection pilot projects focusing on car- bon neutrality.

In November 2007, as part of the 5th Federal Government Energy Research Programme "Innova-

tion and New Energy Technologies", the BMWi published a new priority funding area, the Energy- Efficient City. The aim is to integratively apply previous research activities in the areas of energy-

efficient building renovation, energy-efficient power supply strategies and new energy technologies in municipalities, as well as utilize synergies. Demonstration projects focusing on improving the energy efficiency of entire settlement areas and typical urban neighbourhoods/districts are in- tended to leverage a highly-publicized multiplier effect.110 The research funding is based on the realization that cities and municipalities are the decisive stakeholders for many of the energy effi- ciency measures.

106 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (ed.) Renewable Energies Sources Act (EEG) Progress Report 2007, Berlin 2007; http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/erfahrungs¬ bericht_eeg_2007_zf_en.pdf (20/05/09).

107 Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), German Aerospace Centre (DLR), German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Institute of Economic Structures Research (GWS): Erneuerbare E- nergien: Arbeitsplatzeffekte 2006. Final report on the project „Effects of the expansion of renewable energies on the German labour market – Follow up“. Commissioned by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Berlin 2007.

108 German Building Code. Text and sectoral planning legislation, as of January 2009;

http://www.juraforum.de/gesetze/BauGB/baugb.html (22/07/09).

109 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: Nationale Klimaschutzinitiative http://www.bmu.de/klimaschutzinitiative/nationale_klimaschutzinitiative/doc/41783.php (14/05/09).

110 Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology: Förderkonzept „Energieeffiziente Stadt“ (Gebäude und Energiever- sorgung) im Rahmen des 5. Energieforschungsprogramms der Bundesregierung „Innovation und neue Energietechno- logien“, http://www.fz-juelich.de/ptj/lw_resource/datapool/Nationale_Programme/Energie/Rationelle_Energienutzung/¬ Energieeffiziente%20Stadt/Eneff-Stadt-Endversion-28-09-2007.pdf (14/05/09).

Numerous BMVBS activities also support the municipalities in their efforts to improve energy effi- ciency. Particularly noteworthy is the CO2 building renovation programme,111 which is one of the

(few) programmes that has been systematically evaluated. The outcomes of the projects have been ascertained in terms of CO2 reduction, energy savings, employment, modernization and sav-

ings on heating costs. A total of 5.1 billion euros in programme funding has been made available by the federal government for funding energy-efficient building renovation since the programme started in 2006, with 1.4 billion euros in funding available in 2008 alone. Funding was increased again by the German government as part of the "first stimulus package". This means that for 2009 roughly €1.5 billion euros in programme funding is available for low interest loans and subsidies. In its assessment of the programme's success, the BMVBS underlined the positive effects on climate and the labour market above all, while not explicitly referring to the impact on urban development. The ERP Environment and Energy Efficiency Programme112 _{is the successor to the KfW environ-}

ment programme and the ERP energy efficiency programme as of January 2009. It is aimed at companies. Funding is provided for investments in general environmental protection measures, soil and groundwater protection, and the rehabilitation of contaminated and/or abandoned sites. A second part of the programme funds energy-efficient measures adopted by small and medium- sized companies through the provision of loans. Furthermore, the special fund for energy effi- ciency supports the provision of energy efficiency consultancy services on operational energy sav- ing opportunities.

3.5.3 Research-related instruments

The BMBF Basic Research Energy 2020+ programme113 _{aims at developing new technological}

options through basic, long-term research projects. Its main priorities include increasing energy ef- ficiency, lifting the proportion of renewable energy used for the supply of energy, and issues re- garding the underground storage of CO2. This research work is aimed at companies, universities

and non-university research facilities and contributes to the preparation of climate protection measures. The work also has a direct impact on urban development as the findings are imple- mented practically at the municipal level, resulting in the corresponding activities.

The Mobility and Transportation Technologies Programme (Third Transportation Research Pro-

gramme)114 _{is part of the German government’s High-Tech Strategy, and is linked with other rele-}

vant government programmes, such as the 5th Energy Research Programme. The main objective of the programme is to design the sustainable development of the settlement and transport system in a way that ensures the efficient, safe, socially and environmentally compatible mobility of people and goods. There are three major strategic fields of action that are of major significance for future sustainable urban development: intelligent logistics, human mobility in the 21st century and intelli- gent infrastructure.

The spectrum of funded measures is very broad, including new technical solutions for cargo han- dling, transport process automation, intelligent traffic management, enhancement of public trans- port, development of alternative drive systems and fuels, and new approaches to improve road

111 Bremer Energieinstitut et al.: Effekte des CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms 2007, Bremen 2008;

http://www.bremer-energie-institut.de/de/projects/projects/open/183-Ermittlung_von_Effekten_des_

KfW-CO_font_size_1_2__font_-Gebaeudesanierungsprogramms; Printed paper 16/9870 German Parliament dated 30/06/2008 http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/098/1609870.pdf.

112 Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology: Funding database. Förderprogramme des Bundes, der Länder und der EU, ERP-Umwelt- und Energieeffizienzprogramm; http://www.foerderdaten bank.de/Foerder-DB/Navigation/Foerderrecherche/suche.html?get=c24b0545a8e3c28bf16296576

2546b0c;views;document&doc=508 (20/05/09).

113 Federal Ministry of Education and Research: Basic Research Energy 2020+. The Funding of Energy Research by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Bonn, Berlin 2008; http://www.bmbf.de/pub/basic_energy_research_2020.pdf (18/05/09).

114 Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (ed.): Mobilität und Verkehrstechnologien. Das 3. Verkehrsfor- schungsprogramm der Bundesregierung, Berlin 2008; http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/ Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/verkehrsforschungsprogramm-mobilitaet-und-

traffic safety. Climate objectives are addressed by the programme to the same degree as eco- nomic and innovative aspects. Provision has been made for approximately 300 million euros for the implementation of the programme in the current financial plan for the period 2008-2011. More- over, the programme coordinates the initiatives of various ministries. These are the traffic-related activities of the Federal Ministries of Economics (BMWi), Traffic, Building and Urban Affairs (BMVBS), Education and Research (BMBF), Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV).

As one of the largest foundations in Europe, the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (German Fed-

eral Environmental Foundation, DBU) funds innovative, exemplary environmental protection pro-

jects. The projects in the area of architecture and construction relate to "urban development", al- though this link is not explicitly formulated. The funded projects that fall under the keyword "climate protection" range from the Bremerhaven "Klimahaus" (climate house) to the innovative timber and glass studio buildings in Dresden-Hellerau and an ecological youth hostel that familiarizes guests with ecological principles on a practical day-to-day basis – from the solar energy plant for heating water to the organic kitchen and green roof.115

The now discontinued BMU programme for funding demonstration projects was also indirectly linked to the issue of urban development. The programme provided funding for large technical demonstration projects that showed how progressive methods and combined methodologies could be developed for the purpose of reducing environmental pollution. Implementation has an impact on important factors influencing decisions on, and the competitiveness of, business locations in terms of not only the environment (for example waste disposal, energy savings, rational use of en- ergy and the use of renewable energies), but also economics and R&D. Funding from this pro- gramme was discontinued as of January 1 2009 as part of the reorientation of funding for envi- ronmental protection measures. Investments in renewable energies are currently funded through the KfW Renewable Energies Programme. Funds from the ERP Environmental and Energy Effi-

ciency Programme can now be used for other environmental protection measures. Major technical

and innovative methods are funded through the BMU Environmental Innovation Programme. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) funds research and development in renewable energies within the framework of the German govern- ment's 5th Energy Research Programme. Funding is provided to projects involving photovoltaics, wind energy, low-temperature solar thermal energy, geothermal power, solar thermal power plants and energy system optimization. The aim is to drive innovations and technological developments in the energy sector in order to enhance the economy's competitiveness and put modern energy technologies onto the market faster, thus combating climate change, ensuring the reliability of the energy supply and conserving resources. Project outlines must be submitted by the end of 2010.116 As a result, this programme aimed at companies, universities and non-university re- search facilities also contributes explicitly to the National Urban Development Policy’s "Innovative City: driving economic development" priority action area.

3.5.4 Informational instruments

The 2009 municipal climate protection competition falls under the umbrella of the BMU National

Climate Protection Initiative. The competition honours municipalities and regions that actively pro-

mote climate protection in an exemplary and forward-looking manner. Such promotion involves projects, measures or strategies that are innovative in terms of technical and/or structural meas- ures in municipal buildings and facilities, which combine outstanding energy efficiency with the utilization of renewable energies for instance. Joint climate protection approaches with other mu- nicipalities or with private enterprises, craft businesses, retailers, associations and action groups

115 Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt: Architektur und Bauwesen, Projekte, http://www.dbu.de (15/05/09).

116 Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology: Funding database. Förderprogramme und Finanzhilfen des Bundes, der Länder und der EU, Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich erneuerbarer Energien, http://www.foerderdatenbank.de/Foerder-DB/Navigation/Foerderrecherche/suche.html?get=3f7dca3611da112d0c¬ 9580ddd5125d33;views;document&doc=9485&typ=KU (27/05/09).

are required to the same extent as innovative campaigns to involve and motivate the population to combat climate change.117

The federal competition for Energy-Efficient City Lighting currently being run jointly by the BMU, KfW Förderbank (Reconstruction Loan Corporation) and the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) falls under the National Climate Protection Initiative. The aim is to actively promote the use of en- ergy-efficient city lighting technology and to show how municipalities can save energy and reduce their long-term operating costs. The competition has been prompted by the fact that a high propor- tion of street lighting in Germany is relatively old, a situation that results in high energy costs, ex- tensive servicing and high levels of CO2 emissions. The best concepts in the municipal competi-

tion will be given the opportunity to receive investment funding for their implementation from the

BMU Environmental Innovation Programme, which prioritizes major ground-breaking technical pro-

jects that demonstrate how environmental pollution can be prevented or noticeably reduced.118

A current initiative of the BMVBS is the competition launched in January 2009 for energy-efficient

renovation of major residential developments based on integrated district development plans. The

aim of this competition is to provide the initial impetus for the further development of integrated dis-