The force measurements also did not materialize in the right time frame, because the instrumentation in the ball broke down during testing. This part of the research is at the point where it is going to be tested in the very near future, leading to a better insight of the forces acting on the ball and the hand during the game. Further development of the ball and the glove subsequently has to be done to make it more standardized than it is now, for example by getting a standard instrumented ball from the manufacturer.
5.2.3
Comfort
A property that can not be researched, because it is subjective from one person to another is the comfort of the different gloves. This has also a big influence on which glove a certain player wants to wear and it is regardless of the actual performance of the gloves. When a player does not feel comfortable wearing a certain glove, this will mean that he is less confident and as a consequence will probably play worse than without a glove. As said, this property is very subjective and depends on the player and maybe even on the circumstances and therefore it is not regarded as a research parameter.
5.2.4
Wet Testing
The amount of water used in the wet testing phase may be a bit high, but it was only to get a good idea of the differences between the gloves in different circumstances. To map the whole behavior of the gloves, it may be a good idea to do more tests with different amounts of water when the standardized test setup is designed and working properly.
5.2.5
Hand Testing
The hand testing was done by two different people. Because hands are unique, these two hands are no real good average of a normal hand, especially because the two hands are also far from each other. To get a better insight into hand behavior, more hands could be tested and possibly also with actual players of AFL and rugby.
Bibliography
[1] www.afl.com.au, Laws of Australian Football 2012,
http://afl.com.au/Portals/0/2012/AM 6967 0112 AFL laws.pdf, retrieved on July 30, 2012. [2] Tomlinson, S.E., Lewis, R., Carr´e, M.J., Friction between Players’ Hands and Sports Equipment,
The Engineering of Sport 7, Vol 1, p26-34, Springer Verlag France, Paris, 2008.
[3] Tomlinson, S.E., Lewis, R., Ball, S., Yoxall, A. & Carr´e, M.J.,Understanding the effect of finger-ball friction on the handling performance of rugby balls, Sports Engineering 11, p109-118, 6 February 2009.
[4] Tomlinson, S.E., Lewis, R., Liu, X., Texier, C. & Carr´e, M.J., Understanding the friction mecha- nisms between the human finger and flat contacting surfaces in moist conditions, Tribology Lett. (2011) 41, 283-294, 24 October 2010
[5] Fuss, F.K., Friction of a pimpled rugby ball surface: force and velocity weakening and strengthen- ing of the coefficient of friction, Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol. 226, no 7, p598-607, July 2012. [6] Ball, K., Foot interaction during kicking in Australian Rules Football, Science and Football VI: The Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress on Science and Football, Routledge, New York, 2009, p36-41.
Appendix A
Gloves
Below you will find an overview of the gloves tested, with details.
Figure A.1: The Franklin glove used in the test-
ing Figure A.2: Detail of the Franklin glove
Figure A.3: Worn Franklin glove Figure A.4: Detail of the worn Franklin glove
Figure A.5: The Gripworx glove used in the
Figure A.7: Worn Gripworx glove Figure A.8: Detail of the worn Gripworx glove
Figure A.9: Worn Nike Magnigrip glove Figure A.10: Detail of the worn Nike Magnigrip glove
Figure A.11: Worn Nike Vaporjet glove Figure A.12: Detail of the worn Nike Vaporjet glove
Figure A.13: Gilbert rugby glove
Figure A.14: Detail of the worn Gilbert rugby glove
Figure A.15: Grays Hockey glove Figure A.16: Detail of the Grays glove
Figure A.17: Gilbert Netball glove Figure A.18: Detail of the Gilbert Netball glove
Figure A.19: Nike Superbad glove Figure A.20: Detail of the Rawlings glove
Appendix B
Surfaces
Below there is an overview of all the surfaces tested, with the details.
Figure B.1: Red patch of an official ball Figure B.2: Yellow patch of an official ball
Figure B.3: The patch of plain red leather Figure B.4: The patch of plain yellow leather
Figure B.5: The patch of the first plain rubber surface
Figure B.6: The patch of the second plain rub- ber surface
Figure B.7: Detail of the experimental Regular
pattern Figure B.8: Detail of the Rugby Union pattern
Figure B.9: Detail of the National Rugby
League pattern Figure B.10: Detail of the Fine Japanese pat- tern
Appendix C
Coefficients of Friction
In the tables underneath all values of the coefficient of friction for all different combinations are given. Hereµmeans the coefficient of friction and the subscripts are Franklin, Gripworx, Nike Magnigrip, Nike Vaporjet, Gilbert, Grays, Gilber Netball, Rawlings, Nike Superbad and Under Armour respectively.
Surface old/new dry/wet µF µG µN M µN V µGil µGr µGilN µR µN S µU A Yellow Ball old dry 1.1894 2.366 2.0492 2.7466 0.8468
Yellow Ball old wet 0.7614 1.1882 1.1422 1.2992 0.8756
Yellow Ball new dry 0.8936 1.5936 1.5112 1.7952 1.0308 0.5722 1.0202 0.4528 1.503 2.9616 Yellow Ball new wet 1.0194 1.3364 0.856 0.447 0.819 0.6038 1.0126 1.7506
Red Ball old dry 1.1928 2.592 1.9424 2.2032 1.1658 Red Ball old wet 1.2464 1.5486 1.2924 1.2672 0.885
Red Ball new dry 0.8408 2.7578 2.6034 2.12 1.2094 0.57 1.0058 0.4136 1.4254 2.2742 Red Ball new wet 1.358 1.6826 0.9298 0.4022 0.8846 0.6658 0.9822 1.6366 Plain Yellow old dry 0.8062 2.3522 2.4732 2.1182 0.7948
Plain Yellow old wet 1.2778 1.3212 1.2576 1.2778 0.6626
Plain Yellow new dry 1.0014 2.0332 1.7266 1.0534 0.389 0.8444 0.448 1.3704 2.482 Plain Yellow new wet 0.9984 1.5344 0.8676 0.5504 0.2654 0.7696 0.5772 0.9554 1.5474
Plain Red old dry 1.1708 3.0564 2.5744 2.3754 0.8102 Plain Red old wet 1.2726 1.4704 1.3544 1.3722 1.0666
Plain Red new dry 1.0938 2.1856 2.6442 1.1708 0.524 0.7874 0.3798 2.0876 2.8228 Plain Red new wet 1.2182 1.8114 1.0816 0.8302 0.5576 0.8496 0.7296 1.0838 1.4722
Surface old or new dry or wet µF µG µM µV µGil SMO A old dry 1.424 4.1924 2.3192 2.3794 1.3696 SMO A old wet 1.3682 1.5792 1.46 1.4844 1.4052 SMO A new dry 1.2956 2.8274 2.5742 1.4614 SMO A new wet 1.3306 2.7626 1.4682 SMO B old dry 1.6142 2.7384 1.7542 2.1492 1.9968 SMO B old wet 1.8344 1.4786 1.3264 1.3972 1.964 SMO B new dry 1.5342 2.7952 1.8778 1.7782 1.7534 SMO B new wet 1.8144 2.3476 1.8798 REG old dry 1.1352 1.8396 1.542 1.4492 1.8442 REG old wet 1.4442 1.0798 0.9718 1.0448 1.6992 REG new dry 1.1468 1.7942 1.6682 1.4532 1.7888 REG new wet 1.1532 1.1812 1.6972 REG diagonal old dry 1.03 1.5978 1.62 1.2434 1.7792 REG diagonal old wet 1.234 1.3064 0.9808 0.9874 1.765 REG diagonal new dry 1.284 1.8158 1.5182 1.6902 REG diagonal new wet 1.2358 1.1324 1.7138 UCO old dry 1.0198 1.5944 1.301 1.3464 1.5726 UCO old wet 1.347 1.211 1.1046 1.0434 1.5416 UCO new dry 1.1296 1.6442 1.4622 1.2158 1.5834 UCO new wet 1.0614 1.1754 1.5846 NRL old dry 1.1074 1.934 1.5988 1.4488 1.6256 NRL old wet 1.135 1.1348 0.9348 0.9354 1.6296 NRL new dry 1.0538 1.6728 1.2954 1.5748 NRL new wet 1.1052 1.0162 1.5916 NRL perpendicular old dry 1.2256 1.5792 1.452 1.3808 1.5716 NRL perpendicular old wet 1.317 1.2546 1.052 1.0194 1.5778 NRL perpendicular new dry 0.968 1.5606 1.2674 1.5722 NRL perpendicular new wet 1.0504 1.0106 1.5762 FIJ old dry 1.0318 1.5138 1.2014 1.0952 1.5696 FIJ old wet 1.2106 1.1486 0.9896 1.0352 1.5908 FIJ new dry 1.1532 1.6214 1.226 1.5988 FIJ new wet 1.1034 1.2044 1.5892 SNO old dry 1.2426 1.7162 1.4308 1.4098 1.5984 SNO old wet 1.209 1.0828 1.0188 1.0078 1.6092 SNO new dry 1.2326 1.8582 1.2798 1.6812 SNO new wet 1.1496 1.1918 1.66 SNO perpendicular old dry 1.03 1.5978 1.62 1.2434 1.5822 SNO perpendicular old wet 1.0342 1.1474 0.9978 0.9474 1.6116 SNO perpendicular new dry 1.2064 1.778 1.1998 1.61 SNO perpendicular new wet 1.003 0.9504 1.65
Surface 24 y/o dry 24 y/o wet 49 y/o dry 49 y/o wet Yellow Ball 0.342 1.3838 1.879 1.599 Red Ball 0.36225 1.4982 2.0998 1.7198 Plain Yellow 0.3062 1.368 1.1376 1.7474 Plain Red 0.2896 1.2516 1.3316 1.6054 SMO A 1.015 1.7118 1.3692 2.0068 SMO B 1.4824 2.2448 1.5756 2.835 REG 1.5576 1.713 2.1246 2.3802 REG diagonal 1.661 1.7388 1.8134 2.1822 UCO 1.5192 1.222 1.5208 1.8426 NRL 1.6062 1.688 1.8412 2.3 NRL perpendicular 1.6174 1.7502 1.8208 1.989 FIJ 1.2684 2.0518 1.5748 2.6982 SNO 1.5018 1.7916 1.5018 2.2745 SNO perpendicular 1.6126 2.0412 1.7654 2.5094 Table C.3: Overview of the coefficients of friction for the different hands tested