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Active network components have different interfaces available, and different methods exist for linking up different devices:

• Permanently installed interfaces (the network technology in use must be known for the purchase decision)

• Flexible interfaces, so-called GBICs(gigabitInterfaceConverters)/SFPs(SmallForm-factor Pluggable) Data centers support different transmission media

(listed in section 3.9), depending on the network tech- nology they use (transmission protocols listed in section 3.8), which can be classified into two groups:

• Copper cables with RJ45 plug type

• Fiber optic cables (multi-mode / single-mode) with SC / SC-RJ, LC / duplex plug types

GBICs / SFPs are available for both media types.

Gigabit Ethernet can be implemented using copper cables without a problem for normal distances in LAN. This becomes more difficult in 10 gigabit Ethernet, even if network interface cards with a copper interface for 10 GbE are available. The IEEE 802.3an standard defines transfers with a maximum of 10 Gbit/s via twisted-pair cabling over a maximum length of 100 m.

In the backbone area, fiber optic cables are usually used for 10 gigabit Ethernet, with LC plugs used for greater distances in single-mode implementation.

So-called next-generation networks – 40/100gigabit Ethernet networks with a maximum data transmission rate of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s respectively – must, by standard, be implemented using high-quality OM3 and OM4 fiber optic cables and MPO-based (multipathpush-on) parallel optic transceivers in combination with equally high-quality MPO/MTP® connection technology.

12-fiber MPO/MTP® plugs are used for the transfer of 40 gigabit Ethernet. The outer four fibers are used to send and receive signals, while the remaining middle channels remain unused. By contrast, the transfer of 100 Gbit/s requires 10 fibers for transmission and reception. This is realized either by means of the 10 middle channels in two 12-fiber MPOs/MTPs®, or a 24-fiber MPO/MTP® plug can be used instead. Additional information on this follows in sections 3.10.1 and 3.10.2.

GBIC / SFP

The prevailing design in expansion slots is Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP), also known as Mini-GBIC, SFF GBIC, GLC or "New GBIC" or "Next Generation GBIC". The regular design is usually just called Mini-GBIC for short. Mini-GBICs are pushing their physical limits in gigabit Ethernet, since they are only specified up to 5 Gbit/s. Higher speeds like 10 gigabit Ethernet require, in addition to SFP+, the somewhat bigger XFP- or XENPAC modules. XENPAC already has two successors, XPAK and X2.

The QSFP module (Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable) is a transceiver module for 40 gigabit Ethernet and is meant to replace four SFP modules. The compact QSFP module has dimensions of 8.5 mm x 18.3 mm x 52.4 mm, and can be used for 40 gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel and InfiniBand.

The idea for new designs arises from the need to house more connections in the same area.

• 1 gigabit Ethernet: Mini-GBIC, SFP

• 10 gigabit Ethernet: SFP+, XFP, XENPAC, XPAK, X2

• 40 gigabit Ethernet: QSFP, MPO

• 100 gigabit Ethernet: MPO

The official GBIC standard is governed by the SFF Committee (http://www.sffcommittee.org).

CiscoNexus7000series48-portgigabit EthernetSFPmodule

Netgear module / 1000Base-T SFP / RJ-45 / GBIC

Mellanox ConnectX®-2 VPI adapter card, 1 x QSFP, QDR

A GBIC module is inserted into an electrical inter- face, in order to convert it to an optical connection, for example. The type of the signal to be transmitted can be adapted to specific transmission require- ments by using GBICs. Individual GBICs, also known as transceivers, are available both as electrical as well as optical interfaces that are made up of sepa- rate transmitting and receiving devices.

A transceiver module can be replaced during normal operation (hot-swappable) and operates as a fiber module,typicallyforwavelengthsof850nm,1310nm and 1550nm.

There are also third-party suppliers who provide transceivers, including models with an intelligent configurator for flexible use in any system. However, one must first check whether the switch/router manufacturer is blocking these “open” systems before these models can be used.

Example of an SFP switching solution from Hewlett Packard:

HP E6200-24G-mGBIC yl switch Key Features

• Distribution layer

• Layer 2 to 4 and intelligent edge feature set • High performance, 10-GbE uplinks

• Low-cost mini-GBIC connectivity, Ports 24 open mini-GBIC (SFP) slots • Supports a maximum of 4 10-GbE ports, with optional module

Transceiver modules:

Product name Product code Performance description

HP X131 10G X2 SC ER

Transceiver J8438A

An X2 form-factor transceiver that supports the 10-gigabit ER standard, providing 10- gigabit connectivity up to 30km on singlemode fiber (40km on engineered links). HP X130 CX4 Optical Media

Converter J8439A Optical media converter for CX4 (10G copper) mmf cable up to 300 m

HP X131 10G X2 SC SR

Transceiver J8436A

An X2 form-factor transceiver that supports the 10-gigabit SR standard, providing 10- gigabit connectivity up to 300 meters on multimode fiber.

HP X111 100M SFP LC FX

Transceiver J9054B

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) 100Base-FX transceiver that provides 100 Mbps full- duplex connectivity up to 2 km on multimode fiber.

HP X131 10G X2 SC LR

Transceiver J8437A

An X2 form-factor transceiver that supports the 10-gigabit LR standard, providing 10- gigabit connectivity up to 10 km on single-mode fiber.

HP X131 10G X2 SC LRM

Transceiver J9144A

An X2 form-factor transceiver that supports the 10-gigabit LRM standard, providing 10- gigabit connectivity up to 220 m on legacy multimode fiber.

HP X112 100M SFP LC BX-

D Transceiver J9099B

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) 100-Megabit BX (bi-directional) "downstream" trans- ceiver that provides 100 Mbps fd connectivity up to 10 km on one strand of singlemode. HP X112 100M SFP LC BX-

U Transceiver J9100B

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) 100-Megabit BX (bi-directional) "upstream" trans- ceiver that provides 100 Mbps fd connectivity up to 10 km on one strand of singlemode. HP X121 1G SFP LC LH

Transceiver J4860C

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit LH transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 70 km on single-mode fiber.

HP X121 1G SFP LC SX

Transceiver J4858C

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit SX transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 550 m on multimode fiber.

HP X121 1G SFP LC LX

Transceiver J4859C

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit LX transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 10 km (single-mode) or 550 m (multimode).

HP X121 1G SFP RJ45 T

Transceiver J8177C

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit copper transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 100 m on Category 5 or better cable.

HP X122 1G SFP LC BX-D

Transceiver J9142B

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit-BX (bi-directional) "downstream" transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 10 km on one strand of singlemode fiber. HP X122 1G SFP LC BX-U

Transceiver J9143B

A small form-factor pluggable (SFP) gigabit-BX (bi-directional) "upstream" transceiver that provides a full-duplex gigabit solution up to 10 km on one strand of singlemode fiber.