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Capítulo 2. Ortogonalidad y ruptura interior

2.1. Antecedentes de un Diseño Interior ortogonal

2.1.2. Siglo XIX y XX

On a m ore pertinent note, M elvin Qllm ore (1931), on the O zark B luff Dw ellers, provides this enoouraglng passage;

But h a t h lt i the watt-known stm te g roa t o f com . baana. m u tih o t B u m k ln i and iU H w W iw ii w m cnw om ouw vtpio uy widwp w ioip ni psppiv V w fiiiM jf o w p f v v i i w

m ow ni from tor w nv oown id mo p r iiv n ii irifm iv r a in o v w m v p ■nowm u u n t B lu ff D w a lltrt a lto had o tfta to o th tr ip iu iit o f plants not n N k a M at th t peasant

Vie* isiii tkle ^ m h| |m afthA A oAms# asateMteBdtea Iftaxa jaJ

nma. »no p o u n o fo r wMi a m n ia n s a t a p a

0 0 1

PwP suftpaas

0 1 01

a

9990

w p a w other species o f plants were oarefuHy put away together w ith the selected seed of com , beans, sunflow ers, squashes, and pum pkins (Q llm ore 193146).

Conclusions

Earlier in this paper, three possible lines of evidence for the exam ination of £ . erectum as a cultivated or possibly dom esticated plant species w ithin a pre-m aize subsistence system were presented. As m arkers of species dom estication, prehistoric range extention of natural

distribution, and genetic change in species compos io n were cited. In addition, cultivation of an indigenous species can be evidenced if the level o f utilization of a species docum ented in the archaeological record exceeds the ab ility of natural harvest to sustain It.

A com parison of the modern and archaeological distribution of £ . araetum (see Figures

2

and 4), has failed to docum ent a range extension for the species during prehistoric tim es. The archaeological range constructed for erect knotweed fads easily wkhin the ra n ;e of the modern distribution established fo r the species. Therefore, range extension cannot provide supporting evidence to the contention that Polygonum araetum was a dom estiacated species in eastern North Am erica.

Results from analysis o f the Hid Creek Potyoonum (Asch and Aach 1985b) and of Polygonum araetum from the Am erican Bottom (this paper) yield Interesting, yet

non-condustve data pertaining to the role o f £ . araatum as a prehistoric dom esticate based on achene m orphology. The exclusive representation o f the long, thin-ooated m orph in the Hid creak, Joh in ning s, Dohaok, and Julian sam ples may docum ent a m orphological alteration in the apectes. According to Asch and Asch (1 9 8 » ), the tw o possible explanations put forth to explain the unusual Hid C reek fig |a Q fl;( l, that it represents a dom esticated fo r o f fL a ia flu m ; and

2

, that the knotw eed Is not £ . aUBtUD but another species o f sect. gotafiD U m ) do not resolve the question of the status o f Polygonum as a dom estcated spades. The sm all size increase noted between achenes m easured from the Mund site (M iddle W oodland, M und Phase), and the Julian

ite f M lssissippian, S tirling Phase), Is encouraging evidence to r an alteration in achene

„ rphology (possible selection fo r larger achenes) over several hundred years. N evertheless, based on the sm all, exclusive sam ple (200 hundred achenes m easured from each site; one site representing each tem poral period), no substatial evidence can be drawn from the conclusion in support of the dom estication of Polygonum erectum during prehistoric tim es.

£ . aracium is found in large seed masses throughout the m idwest and southeast from W oodland through M lsslsslpplan tim es (cf. Jackson and Smith 1979; Johannessen

1983c,1984a,1984d, 1984g,1985a; Asch and Asch 1985b,1985c,1985d; C rltes 1978).

These occurences docum ent a level of species utilization, which, according to recent research based on the collection of modern specim ens (Asch and Asch 1979:1980), coo'd not have been provided sim ply by the harvesting of w ild plants. Therefore, it seems reasonable to propose that the species Polygonum araotum was at the vary fees/ an enoouragad weedy annual that was encouraged In the disturbed areas where it grew m ost readily; and the econom ic potential of which was realized and valued by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Eastern W oodlands.

The lack o f solid ethnohistorical evidence docum enting the use of £ . fa c tu m by native Am ericans contributes to the conclusion-based on the criteria tor exam lng spades

dom estication; prehistoric range extension or m orphological change in a ruderal an ce sto r-lh a t Polygonum mtmnHim w not ■ A w M itiftfr i ntant. It does apoear however, that evidence fo r the

cultivation

(though not dbmesffeeffen) o f £ . can be provided baaed on the ubiquity and quantity o f E .m g tu ii recovered from archaeological contexts. It is evident M at E m e tu m was a valuable econom ic plant which was heavily utilized from M iddle W oodland through

M ississippian tim es throughout the M idwest and Southeast o f the U nited States. £ . a a d U B occurlng archaeoiogically In masses too large to I s sustained by w ild harvest, probably occupied a significant place in a pre-m aize horticultural system where no doubt it was tended and

propogated as a valuable food rescourse, characterized by a long fruiting season and hardy nature which ensured the production o f a storable starchy staple.

Archaic Period Poivocnum erectum *

Site N a m Site Number

County State Date Period P. erectum

Count

Polygonum sp. Count

Reference

K oster Greene Illin o is 3000 BC Archaic 2 Asch and Asch 1985c

Napoleon HoBow Pice Illin o is Archaic 1 Asch and Asch 1985c

PhBIps Spring Missouri 2300 BC Archaic

Go-Kart North 11MOS52N

Monroe Illin o is 2300-1900 BC T itte ring ton Phase Late Archaic 1 Johannessen 1984f • --- noons 40L033

Lauderdale Tennessee 1800-1300 BC Late Archaic 4 Chapman 1961

Brogiey Rocksheiter 47GT156

Grant Wisconsin Archaic 10 Tiffany 1974

Koster Greene Illin o is 1500-100 BC Archaic 1 Asch et ai. 1972

M issouri Pacific #2 11S46

P eisr Cave

OH94 Ohio Kentucky

Cahdda SL Clair Illin o is

McLean Site 11S650 S t C lair Illin o is Carlston Armts BT5 B utler Kentucky Bowles OH13 Ohio Kentucky C loodsphtter 15MF36 Moniffoo Kentucky

Late Archaic present

Late Archaic

Late Archaic 1

Late Archaic present

Late Archaic present

1050 BC Late Archaic- present Early Woodland Crawford 1982 9 Lopirtot 1983 Joharmessen 1986 Crawford 1982 Crawford 1982 Cowan 1981

County State Date

—c n ra n o Id

V n V W M i rarm M orngrih W o t Virginia

• • • • y I Ioh m HNnois ®B* BB S cott KHnois T« * * 7 M onro* M nois

ftMOCOO

AmMo Morgan Hiinofe Warn T rn n w a *

40CF32

OteHoapar FrankHn T< 489917 20-200 AD 70BC-AD320 100-300 AC 150BC-AD50 IJ S IW n U B U D filll!

Ported P. *r*ctum Polygonum ap. n *te r*n cu Count Count

358 MM* •» *L 1902

Early Mtedte

prosont Crab* * * 1901

HopaaaA 098 Aaeh and Aach 1905

H opaaal 4,374 Aach and Aach 1905

Mtedte

4

Johann* * —n 19059

I lop— 9

020

Aach and Aach 1965

* * - ■ « -

v * i

nomm

t —aaNo 6 Crite* 1970

C rite * 1970 3

OMnOra O w l Hcritow ** « w oounra 6 C ritM 1978 **--- MDeWRp t « ~ * 200-550 A O u u j u m ■ i M D UB WUQUKmO t o Chapman 1973

Clinton **»---HR^BSOUsl9 500 A O + Lato Kansas

Wqf n O p fM R

3 Obrian 1982

Fulton Illinois ■ wmaam fw m a n ume.* -m , y| m ■ 7

A a ch a n d Aaeh 1980

Fulton Illinois Tsm unai MkfcSs

vwxxsana 7 Munson at aL 1971 HHnoto I l d d i l K i O d M and Eariy L t o 1Mvvoocmviob II M t 1 ,8 0 0 Struever 1963

Cass RSnois 100 A O w m wooonno

Early Lato

----M. A

WDOOHiO

common King and Roper 1976

■ M m H ftm * 100 A O w a w wmammrn

Early Lato

Late Woodland Polvoonum *

I

V

J

f County State Date

P rio ri p. erectum Count

Polygonum sp. Count

Reference

Graono Illin o is W Mtehal Phase 1

Eariy Lais

»»«--- ■» nOOQUfU.

Asch and Asch 1981a

Cartel cahoun Illin o is

W hitehal Phase present Early Late

vvoocsana

Asch and Asch 1981a

W a te r Graono Illin o is W hitehal Phase present

Early Late »*«— « vfoooteno

Asch and Asch 1981a

r v S o 2 ^

Monroe Illin o is 600 AO Early Late 2,000?

Ilfn n vTOOQHvu1 Jackson and Smith 1979

Lainaano Site 11M 0722

Monroe Illin o is Early Late 3

vvoooano W hatey 1962

M a c k 118642

SL C lair Illin o is 300-400 AO Rosewood Phase Late Woodtend

1 Johannesoen 1985a

n a » o

SL C lair Illin o is 300-400 AO Rosewood Phase 167

Late Woodtend Joharmessen 1987

JuMtn Site 11S63

SL C M r Illin o is 300-800 AO Late Woodtend 5

Johannessen 1984d

Uberty Crook Site Illin o is Late Woodtend 2

Illin o is 450-950 AO

Cokanbie Quarry Site 118829 S t CWr Illin o is 500-600 AO e w i» llw * 8 B » T18650 S t CWr Illin o is 500-600 AD ObImmIk 118842 SL CWr Illin o is 600-800 AO n S 4 7 S t CWr Illin o is 600-800 AO F W tU to 11M 0808 M om o* Illin o is Illin o is

Late Woodtand 159 KutniH 1974

MundPhsaa 4 LateWoodand

J n lm i— M ii io u k

Mund Phase 4

Late Woodtand Johanna— n 1987

Patrick Phasa 149

Late Woodtand lohannsaeen 1985a

Patrick Phase 169

Late Woodtand Johanneseen 1984a

Late

Woodtand 58 Johannessen 1984e

Number

O u n ty S tate Date Period P. erectum Count

Polygonum sp. Count

1tM 42

S t C lair Illin o is 800 AD Dohack Phase 30,000 Emergent M ss.

Illin o is 800-1000 AD Emergent Miss. 41

41WD109

Wood Texas 800-1300 AD Early Caddo 41

118080 S t C lair Illin o is 900-950 AD George Reeves 149 Emergent M ss.

■h ir u i

15CE27

Carlisle Kentucky 900-1100 AD James Bayou 4

Illin o is 950-100C AD Edettiardt Phase99 Emergent Iffss.

S t C lair Illin o is 950-1000 AD Undeman Phase 138 Emergent M ss. Reference Joharmessen 1965a Johannessen 1985a Crane 1982 Joharmesen 1987 Woodard 1987 Johannessen 1964c 118050 Illin o is Johannessen 1967

mm*—m---

■ PBIBB 9MB IBUmDBf

County State date (yr) Phase Name P. erectum Count

Polygonum sp. Count

Refsrence

13CK15

Cherokeo Iowa 925-1100 AD MW Creek C ulture: Little Souix

92 Stains 1972

M v lk t Farm Monroo Tennessee 900-1300 AD Early

NBssissippian

385 Chapman 1981

Schroedl in Preparation W BBfi ocnrnsomr sub

11M 0SM

M orroe Illin o is 1000-1050 AD Lohmarm Phase M ississippian

33 Johannessen 1985c

Qaoige Reaves Site 11S8S0

S t C lair Illin o is 1000-1050 AD Lohmarm Phase 5

M ississippian Joharmesser 1987

Tam ar Site 11S50

S t C lair Illin o is 1050-1100 AD Stirling Phase Mississippian

28 WhaHey 1983

M B Motor Sito 11MS595

Madmon Illin o is 1050-1150 AD Stirling Phase M&stssipptan

147 WhaNey 1964

Moot Tennessee 1120 AD Early

M ississippian

370 KMne and Crites 1979

Gypsy Joint B utler Mtesouri MkMe

M ississippian

12,516 Smith and Wetherstrom 1978

B t f Shadow 11Mo562

Monroe Illin o is 1100-1200 AD Early Moorhead Mississippian

15 Lopirtot 1982 Hargrave 1962 Julian S ilo

11S63

S t C lair Illin o is 1050-1400 AD S tifling Phase Mississippian

County 8 M o d r ii (jff) PhaaeMwne P. eieetum Polygonum sp. Count Count

(tar*? Vfatu lo rn 900-140 AD MM Cieek 3t 6

— C h M lM IB M 900-1900 AO P k m V flta g * 94 T ra d io n H istoric Period 347 ID wodossnoe Wegner 1979 DaNman 1933

Chapman and Shea 1961

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