Significatividad de la madurez emocional (Psicológico)

main reason for the regular violations of its sovereignty during that period. The lives of ordinary people straddled the border, and so did the violence of armies, making it crucial to consider the reactions of the people of Botswana to cross-border warfare. The author also compares other notable contemporary incidents of cross-border violence and cross-border ambiguity, including one incident that took place, paradoxically, in the middle of the country, involving travel on the Rhodesian-owned railway. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

286 De Jager, Nicola

Winners, losers and the playing field in Southern Africa's 'democratic darlings' : Botswana and South Africa compared / Nicola de Jager and Cara H. Meintjes - In: Politikon: (2013), vol. 40, no. 2, p. 233-253: tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Botswana; South Africa; democracy; opposition parties; African National Congress (South Africa); Botswana Democratic Party; elections.

Botswana and South Africa are often hailed as Southern Africa's democratic darlings. These democracies, however, occur within the context of dominant party systems; one party dominates over a prolonged period in an ostensibly democratic system. The Botswana Democratic Party has ruled since 1965, while the African National Congress has governed since 1994. This paper aims to ascertain what happens to opposition parties within dominant party systems, using Levitsky and Way (2010) theory of an 'uneven playing field', where democratic competition is undermined less by electoral fraud or repression than by unequal access to State institutions, resources and the media. The leaders of key opposition parties in both countries have been interviewed. It is subsequently argued that opposition parties are weakened by the dominant party system context, and so declaring their elections as 'fair' becomes problematic. Despite this, some of the opposition parties have adopted a number of strategies to remain relevant: cooperation, coalition and co-optation. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

287 Mokopakgosi, Brian T.

Why the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland failed : lessons from the brief history of a regional university in Southern Africa / Brian T. Mokopakgosi - In: Journal of Southern African Studies: (2013), vol. 39, no. 2, p. 465-480 : tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Botswana; Swaziland; Lesotho; universities; international cooperation; educational policy.

This article traces the establishment and development of the tripartite University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (UBLS), with the aim to explain why it failed and the timing of that failure. The author argues that the root causes lay in the nature of the Royal Charter that established the university, its evolving governance system and disagreements about its direction of development. Issues such as racial conflict and the renewal of the vice

SOUTHERN AFRICA - BOTSWANA

chancellor's contract, which some observers have used to explain the break-up of the institution, were intended to conceal the real areas of conflict. The article places the discussion within the broader comparative context of higher education in the immediate post-independence period and concludes that the UBLS failed because of the strong insular nationalism of the BLS countries (i.e., Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland) combined with the absence of a spirit of regionalism similar to that found elsewhere in newly independent regions such as the Caribbean and the South Pacific. It thus provides a discussion of the necessary conditions for successful multi-country partnerships then and now, as well as problems to be avoided. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

288 Obonye, Jonas

Human rights enforcement and the question of standing before the High Court of Botswana : a comparative analysis / Jonas Obonye - In: East African Journal of Peace & Human Rights: (2012), vol. 18, no. 2, p. 387-414.

ASC Subject Headings: Botswana; offences against human rights; courts of appeal; access to justice; lawsuits; legal procedure.

Egregious human rights violations mainly committed by the State and its various institutions and agents usually pass without remedy due to sterile and austere rules of standing before judicial tribunals that effectively deny victims of human rights violations access to justice. Ideally, these are bodies that should have been instrumental in the implementation and enforcement of human rights provisions guaranteed under municipal constitutions and international instruments. In light of these limitations, this article gives an insight into the legal regime governing the question of standing in enforcing constitutional rights before the High Court of Botswana. It is beyond argument that there is a direct relationship or link between the rules of standing and the right of citizens to access courts of law and achieve justice. The article proceeds to give reflections on public interest litigation and amicus curiae procedures arguing that Botswana must adopt the former in order to enable the larger sections of its society secure access to the courts of law and also relax the rules of admission in order to encourage dynamic and creative human rights litigation in the country. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

289 Riley, Liam

Comparative urban food geographies in Blantyre and Gaborone / Liam Riley and Alexander Legwegoh - In: African Geographical Review: (2014), vol. 33, no. 1, p. 52-66 : krt., tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Botswana; Malawi; urban households; food security; food supply.

The geographical diversity of African cities creates context-specific strengths and weaknesses in household food security that come to light in the comparative case study presented in this paper. A recent survey of low-income households in 11 southern African

SOUTHERN AFRICA - BOTSWANA

cities found a much higher rate of food security in Blantyre (48 percent) relative to Gaborone (18 percent), which was a surprising finding considering Blantyre's lower 'development' status in terms of urban infrastructure, economic opportunities and urban planning. A comparison of the relative scales at which the food production and distribution networks operate to feed each of the cities offers some insight into why Gaborone's 'development' is paradoxically linked to the higher level in food insecurity among its low-income households. The majority of households in the Blantyre survey produced some of their own food and usually purchased food from informal markets; by contrast, most of the food in Gaborone is produced outside of the country and accessed through international supermarket chains. The comparison of these cities, typical of the urban extremes in southern Africa, throws into bold relief the importance of scale for theorizing urban food security in the Global South. Bibliogr., notes, sum. [Journal abstract]

LESOTHO

290 Letsie, Tlohang W.

The 2012 general elections in Lesotho : a step towards the consolidation of democracy / Tlohang W. Letsie - In: Journal of African Elections: (2013), vol. 12, no. 1, p. 65-83 : tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Lesotho; elections; 2012; democracy; election law; election management bodies; coalitions.

The May 2012 general elections in Lesotho were held in the best political climate since democracy returned to the country in 1993. Even the minor disputes that surfaced were resolved speedily before they could graduate into serious election-related conflict. The elections were historic in that the results were not disputed. In addition, for the first time in the country's history the elections failed to produce a clear winner, hence the formation of a coalition government. The elections also resulted in a change of leadership, bringing to an end Pakalitha Mosisili's 14-year rule. The article contends that the peaceful conduct of the elections was the result of the amendments made to the country's electoral laws and the preparedness of the Independent Electoral Commission. It goes further to show how the Democratic Congress, the party with a relative majority of parliamentary seats, came to be omitted from the coalition government and was relegated to the opposition. All these, the article argues, are positive developments in the country's move towards democratic consolidation. Bibliogr., sum. [Journal abstract]

291 Mokopakgosi, Brian T.

Why the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland failed : lessons from the brief history of a regional university in Southern Africa / Brian T. Mokopakgosi - In: Journal of Southern African Studies: (2013), vol. 39, no. 2, p. 465-480 : tab.