Simulación de la transmisión de potencia en ANSYS WORKBENCH 14.5

Before the Newroz Festival, an anxious expectation prevailed in Turkey similar to previous years. The local elections to be held just after the Newroz Festival were another factor that increased the tension. Provocative statements and acts intensified towards 21 March. Remembering certain events which had taken place in the previous years, the society waited with some apprehension. Security measures and pressure in the Emergency State Region increased. However, the atmosphere was mollified to some extent since the PKK called on peo-ple to celebrate the Newroz at their homes, and the applications made by local administrators in order to organize meetings were accepted without any difficulties. This situation did not re-move the tension and anxiousness completely. Pressure and obstruction continued. For exam-ple, hanging the placard prepared by the IHD Istanbul Branch relating to the Newroz Festival was banned by the Istanbul Governorate. No justification was given for the decision. On the placards which were banned was written “A World Without War, A Newroz Without Blood”.

In his article “Diyarpolis City” published in the 21 March 1994 issue of the newspaper Milliyet, journalist Nazım Alpman exposed the atmosphere prevailing in the region before the Newroz Festival.

Some of the press members who swarmed to Diyarbakır because of the Newroz were worried that they would be “disappointed”:

- If nothing happens, what then? - Is it terrible?

- Why did we come here with our cameras?

It is not easy to understand those who are walking around with their cameras madly and asking, “Isn’t there anything bloody?” Some of our colleagues are working too “soundly”. They are wandering with steel waistcoats in the city. The “dream” of foreign col-leagues is to take pictures of the burnt-down villages.

Before the 1991 general elections we were again in Diyarbakır. Whoever we asked something told us so much. Everyone had some “true or false” ideas about the solution to this problem, and with great desire they told journalists their ideas. Without fear, without hesita-tion. But now, they are even afraid of giving their names. When we ask “How is it going?” just for something to say, they reply indifferently:

- What do you expect! Everything is like you see. We are living!

(*) _{This section was prepared after evaluation of the developments on the Kurdish problem and the}

events which either occurred in the Emergency State Region or in the places neighbouring the regi-on. However, the events which took place all over Turkey have been evaluated as a whole in order not to cause a rupture on the subjects such as clashes, armed and bomb attacks, assassinations. Additionally, murders by unidentified assailants have been placed under a separate section.

We are walking around in the streets of Diyarbakır on 20 March. In order to have a “hot contact” with peddlers, we buy trifles. Pocket-lighter, rosary, simit, screwdriver. Chats are “abstract”. Then, we try the style of the TRT’s “emergency state reporter”:

- You welcome the arrest of the DEP deputies, don’t you?

My poor source is balking. He is flushing. When he sees that there are no accessories such as kalashnikovs, tanks, carriers, he is smiling:

- No, I do not think so. It is not so good!

Children are always sincere. They talk imprudently. We step onto a weighing machine. We are not looking at the pointer. The owner of the machine is a child. His voice is blasting like a pistol:

- Leyla Zana! - Where is she now? - In prison. - In which city? - In Istanbul.

Such a mistake may be tolerated in a city where newspapers are sold only in police stations. We arrive at a kiosk and buy two packages of cigarettes. We are like vendors of “tekel” products. We have lot of cigarettes. And a tin of coke. Perhaps, we may have a chat while drinking. The case is better than we expect. The owner of the kiosk knows us.

- Brother, come in. Drink a cup of tea.

Being acquainted in the previous years is useful. We broach the matter. He says:

- Just before, foreign television teams have come. They have asked whether there is pressure. I said, “How do you make sense of it?” There is no pressure here!

- Why have you said so?

- There were 10 people behind them. 4-5 of the people were from the intelligence office. May I speak in such a case?

We drink one more cup of tea. The subject is Newroz and the “festival gesture” of Tansu Çiller. The person spoken to says “When it is mentioned about compassion, our flesh creeps. Because when the state talks about compassion, we get a beating. We quote the words by Ünal Erkan, which were published in Milliyet on the 20 March:

- The Governor says that you should not deem everyone a terrorist. If you do so, there will be no one with you.

- He says good things. However, the state deems every person a PKK militant! Then, he is showing the all-equipped soldiers passing by:

- Please, look at those soldiers, police officers. Are not they our soldiers? This soil is not the Palestinian soil. We are faithful to our state and against the PKK, but they do not believe us.

The crowd of security officers in Diyarbakır is commented upon in a “witty” manner by those living in Diyarbakır:

- Diyarbakır has become Diyarpolis!

Diyarbakır, which was described as Paris of the East once upon a time, now also has the name of “ancient city”.

This time we enter a passage.

I am lucky. While I am having my shoes polished, we talk to a draper. - How is your business going?

- Bad. Very bad. Is it possible that commerce is going well in a city where 3-4 people are killed in a day?

Among the rolls of clothes, he continues talking as a sociologist of politics:

- There is no industry in the region. Because of the “known situation”, agriculture and animal-husbandry have no strength left. Those who have money escape to the West, and hungry people come instead of them. There are two migrations. For the time being, everyone watches the goings-on. Respect should be shown to people of this region!

We are with a businessman past middle-age. The subject is the Newroz. First he criti-cises two things.

- Neither the state nor the public knows what Newroz is. Then he goes back to the previous years:

- How enthusiastic we were while celebrating before. Once we were in the district of Silopi. A friend who was a driver, found nothing to fire, and he burnt his truck!

Staring in amazement we ask:

- Well. What will happen tomorrow (today)?

- I will go to this square (pointing to Dağkapı) and celebrate Newroz. The state should not interfere.”

During the Newroz Festival, there were no significant incidents in Turkey and no widely- participated meetings in the Emergency State Region. Meetings were not held on the occasion of the Newroz Festival in some of the settlements in the Emergency State Region. Contrary to previous years, there were no incidents which resulted in death during meetings and demonstrations in 1994 (during the Newroz celebrations, a total of 92 people lost their lives in 1992 and 3 people in 1993). However, without discriminating between foreigner or native, pressure was applied, and some of those who attended demonstrations were beaten or detained.

A delegation of 59 people that came from Germany to Van in order to watch the inci-dents that might occur during the Newroz Festival was kept in custody for 5 hours at the Van Airport on 19 March. The passports and IDs of the delegation members, who were held by police officers immediately after they got off the plane, were forcibly seized. Nazmi Gür, the Chairperson of the IHD Van Branch, and Necati Bayram, one of the administrators of the Branch who went to the airport to welcome the delegation, were detained, too. The German delegation was then sent to Istanbul by plane. The delegation members who organized a press conference in Istanbul on 20

March, reported that they had been harassed and insulted at the Van Airport where they had been held in detention. In addition, another German delegation of 17 people that came to Van on 17 March was forcibly brought to the airport by the police officers who came to the hotel they were staying in, and was sent to Ankara. Members of the delegation who wanted to spend the Newroz Festival in Doğubeyazıt, were returned to Van by police officers blocking their way, while going to Doğubeyazıt on 17 and 18 March. In addition, a 4-person delegation from Finland, was not allowed to go to Mardin.

Some members of a delegation of 23 people who came from Switzerland to Van were detained on 20 March. The Swiss citizens, who were released on the night of the same day, were not allowed to meet anyone, including authorities of consulates, while in detention. Anina Martki, a member of the delegation, stated the following on 21 March: “When we went out of the hotel, we were attacked by police officers. They attempted to seize our cameras. We were detained. When we wanted to buy bread after being released, we were harassed. When we returned to the hotel we were not allowed to meet anyone. Our phone calls to the consulate were not linked and lines were cut off.”

Three journalists, named Michegel Enger, Hans Peter Wermar and Corina Guttstadt who came from Germany to Turkey in order to observe any incidents that might occur during the Newroz Festival, were beaten by the plainclothes officers in Tatvan. Cameras of the jour-nalists who came to Turkey in the name of the German TV Spiegel were destroyed and 4 video-cassettes that were with them were seized during the incident on 19 March. The journalists, who left Tatvan and went to Diyarbakır upon the incident, reported that while coming to Diyarbakır, they had been kept in custody for 2 hours and insulted by gendarmes blocking their way in the vicinity of Bismil.

Authorized meetings were held in Adana, Gaziantep and Izmir by the DEP while un- authorized demonstrations were organized in Kızıltepe, Tarsus and Mersin by some groups on 20 March, on the occasion of the Newroz Festival. The authorized meetings ended without incident because the police did not intervene. More than 50 people were detained after the unauthorized demonstration in Tarsus. A group of 250-300 people who gathered in the Yum-ruktepe quarter of Mersin, which is mostly inhabited by Kurds, set fire and danced “halay”. During dispersion of a group of people who wanted to demonstrate in the Selçuklular quarter, 2 people were injured. The demonstrations in Mersin also continued on 21 March. In con-sequence of operations carried out by police on 19 and 20 March, 257 people were detained in Ankara, 89 people in Istanbul and 5 people in Gaziantep. In addition, curfew was proclaimed in Cizre and in the Kurtalan district of Siirt between 6.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. on the days of 19, 20 and 21 March.

Unauthorized demonstrations were held in the Incirli, Merter and Sarıgazi quarters of Istanbul on 21 March. The demonstrations in Incirli and Sarıgazi in which police did not intervene, ended without incident. A group who attempted to march after the demonstration in Merter was prevented by police beating. The clash with stones and sticks which arose there-upon, ended before becoming large after the withdrawal of police officers from the scene by the police authorities who intervened by wireless. Meanwhile, a 13-year old girl who was wanted to be detained by the police on the claim of “carrying the flag of the PKK”, was released upon the reconciling efforts of some journalists.

A fire was set and folk dances were staged by small groups, mostly of children, in Diyarbakır on 21 March. The Emergency State Region Governor Ünal Erkan attended one of these demonstrations, too. On the other hand, a group formed of village guards and their families gathered at Dörtyol Square in Cizre in the morning hours and held a demonstration which lasted for

hours against the PKK and its leader on the pretext of “Newroz Celebration”. The PKK’s call, “Celebrate Newroz Festival at home”, was effective especially in small settle-ments. People living in these settlements did not go outside their house for the day, and the shops were not open. Additionally, shops in the Bağlar, Şehitlik and Melikahmet quarters of Diyarbakır remained closed until noon hours on 21 March. Closed hall meetings were organ-ized in Ankara, Antalya and Muğla by the DEP. Unauthorized demonstrations were held in some quarters of Ceyhan, Mersin, Iskenderun and Adana on the occasion of the Newroz Fes-tival. The police who prevented some demonstrations in Adana, detained about 100 people. Gabriele Ohl, cameraman for the German ARD TV and journalists Ali Berber and Mehmet Alan who watched an unauthorized demonstration on the morning of 21 March, were kept for 2 hours under police custody.

A group of students who attempted to hold a demonstration at the Göztepe Campus of Istanbul Marmara University on 21 March were prevented by the police. Upon the insistence of the students on the march, the police fired three gun shots into the air and 8 students were detained. The Newroz Festival was also celebrated by various demonstrations in the Nurtepe, Avcılar, Kasımpaşa, Gazi, Küçükköy, Yenikapı, Gülsuyu and Kadırga quarters of Istanbul and at the Avcılar Campus of Istanbul University. Taner Tanrıverdi, Irşad Aydın, Hakan Alak, Re-cep Yürek and Gülen Aygül, members of a music group “Grup Yorum”, who wanted to attend the demonstration in the Nurtepe quarter, were kept in custody for some time. A closed hall meeting was organized in Istanbul on the night of 21 March by the Kurdish Rights and Freedoms Foundation on the occasion of the Newroz Festival.

Newroz celebrations organized by the DEP on the night of 20 March in the Konyaaltı Open Air Theatre in Antalya went on with enthusiasm. About 5,000 people attended the celebrations. About 90 people who left the Ömerpaşa and Habipler quarters in order to go to celebrations by service buses were reportedly detained. Demonstrations which were to be held in the Ahatlı and Şafak quarters of Antalya on 21 March were prevented by the police and some demonstrators were detained.

In the Viranşehir district of Urfa, people celebrated the Newroz Festival by making bonfires and shooting into the air on the streets in the Cumhuriyet, Demirel, Enver Paşa and Tekke quarters on the evening of 21 March. About 300 people most of whom were youths gathered in the Yenişehir quarter of Viranşehir on the same evening and started to march. However, as a result of shooting into the air by soldiers who tried to prevent the march, 2 people were wounded by ricocheting bullets.