CAPÍTULO I. EL CONTEXTO SOCIO-ECONÓMICO DE LA INDUSTRIA
1.3. LAS ALMAZARAS DE ACEITE DE OLIVA
1.3.2. Organización preventiva
1.3.2.2. Sistema de Gestión en Prevención de Riesgos
developing hypertension.
d. All of the above
“The health clinician should assess these patients to determine if there is a family history of hypertension and if the patient has lifestyle issues such as poor diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, or smoking that increase the risk for developing hypertension. If these or other risk factors are present, the clinician should provide the patient with information about such deleterious lifestyle choices and with the education, referrals, resources, and support needed to make needed changes, such as setting up an exercise program, making proper dietary changes, losing weight, and for smoking cessation.”
41 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 35. True or False: Beta-blockers must be used very cautiously in patients who have asthma, diabetes, or peripheral vascular disease.
a. True
“Beta-blocker side effects include bradycardia, bronchospasm, depression, dizziness, exercise intolerance, fatigue, hypotension, and sexual dysfunction. These drugs must be used very cautiously in patients who have asthma, diabetes, or peripheral vascular disease as they can cause bronchospasm, blunt the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, and aggravate and/or cause arterial insufficiency.”
42 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com
Reference Section
The reference section of in-text citations include published works intended as helpful material for further reading.
1. Basile, J, Block, M (2019). Overview of hypertension in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-hypertension-in- adults?search=overview%20of%20hypertension&source=search_resul t&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1.
2. Sutters M. (2016). Systemic hypertension. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment. 55rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; Online edition, retrieved from www.UCHC.edu.
3. Egan, B (2019). Initial evaluation of the hypertensive adult. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-evaluation- of-the-hypertensive-
adult?search=prehypertension&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2 ~86&usage_type=default&display_rank=2.
4. Kotchen TA. Hypertensive vascular disease. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s
Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015. Online edition, retrieved September 23, 2016 from
www.UCHC.edu.
5. Varon, J and William, JE. Management of severe asymptomatic
hypertension (hypertensive urgencies) in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-severe- asymptomatic-hypertension-hypertensive-urgencies-in-
adults?search=Hypertension:%20Who%20should%20be%20treated% 3F&source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150&usage_type=default& display_rank=5
6. Cooper CM, Fenves AZ (2016). Hypertensive urgencies and
emergencies in the hospital setting. Hosp Pract (1995); 44(1):21-27. 7. Taylor DA. (2015). Hypertensive crisis: A review of pathophysiology
and treatment. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am; 27(4):439-447. 8. Natekar A, Olds RL, Lau MW, Min K, Imoto K, Slavin TP. (2014).
Elevated blood pressure: Our family’s fault? The genetics of essential hypertension. World J Cardiol; 26:327-337.
9. Syed Q, Messinger-Rapport. B Hypertension. In: Williams BA, Chang A, Ahalt C, Chen H, Conant R, Landefeld CS, Ritchie C, Yukawa M, eds. (2014). Current Treatment & Diagnosis: Geriatrics, 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
10. Supiano MA. Hypertension. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, eds. (2009). Hazzard’s Geriatric
43 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com
Medicine and Gerontology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Online edition, Retrieved from www.UCHC.edu.
11. Egan, B (2019). Hypertensive complications in blacks. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of- hypertension-in-
blacks?search=Hypertensive%20complications%20in%20blacks&sourc e=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_r ank=3.
12. Lackland DT. (2014). Racial differences in hypertension: implications for high blood pressure management. Am J Med Sci; 348(2): 135-138. 13. Chandraa A, Neeland IJ, Berry jd, et al. (2014). The relationship of
body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol; 64(10):997-1002.
14. Kokubo Y. (2014). Prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: A comparison of lifestyle factors in Westerners and East Asians. Hypertension; 63:655-660.
15. Kaplan NM. Obesity and weight reduction in hypertension. UpToDate. June 30, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014 from
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-and-weight-reduction-in- hypertension?source=search_result&search=Obesity+and+weight+red ucton+in+hypertension&selectedTitle=1%7E150.
16. Yu-Jie W, Hui-Lang L, Lu, Z, Zhi-Geng J. Impact of smoking and smoking cessation on arterial stiffness in healthy participants. Angiology. 2013;64(4):273-280.
17. Kaplan NM. Smoking and hypertension. UpToDate. February 5, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014 from
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/smoking-and-
hypertension?source=search_result&search=smoking+and+hypertensi on&selectedTitle=1%7E150.
18. Mostofsky E, Mukamal KJ, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Key findings on alcohol consumption and a variety of health outcomes from the nurses' health study. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(9):1586-1591. 19. Tangney CC, Rosenson RS. Cardiovascular benefits and risks of
moderate alcohol consumption. UpToDate. July 8, 2015.
20. Lawlor DA, Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Zuccolo L, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G. Exploring causal associations between alcohol and coronary heart disease risk factors: findings from a Mendelian
randomization study in the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34(32):2519-2528.
21. Sharman JE, La Gerche A, Coombes JS. Exercise and cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(2):147- 158.
22. Christofaro DG, De Andrade SM, Cardoso JR, Mesas AE, Codogno JS, Fernandes RA. High blood pressure and sedentary behavior in
44 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com
adolescents are associated even after controlling for confounding factors. Blood Press. 2015;24(5):317-323.
23. Leyvraz M, Taffé P, Chatelan A, et al. Sodium intake and blood
pressure in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016 Sep 21;6(9):e012518. doi:
10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012518.
24. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013 Apr 3;346:f1325. doi:
10.1136/bmj.f1325.
25. Van Ballegooijen A, Van Schoor N, Brouwer I, Visser M, Beulens J. OS 06-09 THE Synergistic association between vitamin D and vvitamin K with incident hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016;34 Suppl 1:e64
26. Tamez H, Kalim S, Thadhani RI. Does vitamin D modulate blood pressure? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(2):204-209.
27. Vimaleswaran KS, Cavadino A, Berry DJ, et al. Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):719-729. 28. Otsuka T, Takada H, Nishiyama Y, et al. Dyslipidemia and the risk of
developing hypertension in a working-age male population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Mar 25;5(3):e003053. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.003053. 29. Wu L, Sun D, He Y. Fruit and vegetables consumption and incident
hypertension: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(10):573-580.
30. Cuffee Y, Ogedegbe C, Williams NJ, Ogedegbe G, Schoenthaler A. Psychosocial risk factors for hypertension: an update of the literature. Curr Hypertens Report. 2014; 16:483. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014- 0483-3.
31. Zambrana RE, López L, Dinwiddie GY, et al. Association of baseline depressive symptoms with prevalent and incident pre-hypertension and hypertension in postmenopausal Hispanic women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative. PLoS One. 2016 Apr
28;11(4):e0152765. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152765. eCollection 2016.
32. Jackson CA, Pathirana T, Gardiner PA. Depression, anxiety and risk of hypertension in mid-aged women: a prospective longitudinal study. J Hypertens. 2016;34(10):1959-1566.
33. Lin CL, Liu TC, Lin FH, Chung CH, Chien WC. Association between sleep disorders and hypertension in Taiwan: a nationwide population- based retrospective cohort study. J Hum Hypertens. 2016 Aug 11. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2016.55. [Epub ahead of print]
34. Siu AL; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for high blood pressure in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
45 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 35. Kaplan NM, Thomas G, Pohl MA. Blood pressure measurement in the
diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults. UpToDate. July 26, 2016. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/blood-pressure-
measurement-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-hypertension-in- adults. Accessed September 25, 2016.
36. Piper MA, Evans CV, Burda BU, et al. Diagnostic and predictive accuracy of blood pressure screening methods with consideration of rescreening intervals: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(3):192-204. 37. Kang YY, Li Y, Huang QF, Song J, et al. Accuracy of home versus
ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis of white-coat and masked hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015 Aug;33(8):1580-7. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000596.
38. Niiranen TJ, Johansson JK, Reunanen A, Jula AM. Optimal schedule for home blood pressure measurement based on prognostic data: the Finn-Home Study. Hypertension. 2011; 57(6):1081-1086.
39. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2005; 111(5):697-716.
40. Gupta P, Nagaraju SP, Gupta A, Mandya Chikkalingaiah KB. Prehypertension - time to act. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2012; 23(2):223-233.
41. Sulayma Albarwani, Sultan Al-Siyabi, Musbah O Tanira.
Prehypertension: Underlying pathology and therapeutic options. World J Cardiol. 2014; 26(8):728-743.
42. Huang Y, Cai X, Li Y, Su L, Mai W, Wang S, et al. Prehypertension and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2014; 82:153-1161. 43. Rodriguez CJ, Swett K, Agarwal SK, Folsom AR, Fox ER, Loehr LR, et
al. Systolic blood pressure levels among adults with hypertension and incident cardiovascular events: the Atherosclerosis Risk in
Communities Study. JAMA Inter Med. 2014; 174(8):1252-1261.
44. Ogedebge G, Pickering TG. Epidemiology of hypertension. In: Fuster V, Walsh A, Harrington RA, eds. Hurst’s The Heart, 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. Online edition, retrieved September 26, 2016 from www.UCHC.edu.
45. Im TS, Chun EJ, Lee MS, Adla T, Kim JA, Choi SI. Grade-response relationship between blood pressure and severity of coronary
atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults: assessment with coronary CT angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 Dec;30 Suppl 2:105-12. doi: 10.1007/s10554-014-0522-9. Epub 2014 Sep 2.
46 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 46. Xie W, Liu J, Wang W, Wang M, Li Y, Sun J, et al. Five-year change in
systolic blood pressure is independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis progression: a population-based cohort study. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(10):960-965.
47. Gorgui J, Gorshkov M, Khan N, Daskalopoulou SS. Hypertension as a risk factor for ischemic stroke in women. Can J Cardio. 2014;
30(7):774-782.
48. Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, et al. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension. 2010;56(1):49-55.
49. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC). High blood pressure and kidney disease. Retrieved September 22, 2014 from
http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/highblood/.
50. Bakalli A, Koçinaj D, Bakalli A, Krasniqi A. Relationship of hypertensive retinopathy to thoracic aortic atherosclerosis in patients with severe arterial hypertension. Clin Expl Hypertens. 2011; 33(2):89-94. 51. Erden S. Bicaki B. Hypertensive retinopathy. Incidence, risk factors,
and co-morbidities. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(6):397-401. 52. Mann JFE, Hilgers KF. Hypertension: Who should be treated?
UpToDate. September 16, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2014 from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypertension-who-should-be- treated?source=search_result&search=Hypertension%3A+Who+shoul d+be+treated%3F&selectedTitle=1%7E150.
53. Franklin SS, Pio JR, Wong ND, et al. Predictors of new-onset diastolic and systolic hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2005;111(9):1121-1127.
54. Staessen JA, Gasowski J, Wang JG, Thijs L, Den Hond E, Boissel JP, et al. Risks of untreated and treated isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet. 2000;
355(9207):865-872.
55. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 311;(5) (2014), pp. 507-520.
56. Millar PJ, Goodman JM. Exercise as medicine: Role in the management of primary hypertension. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014; 39(7):856- 858.
57. Brook RRD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliot WJ, et al. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2013; 61(6):1360-1383.
47 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com 58. Eckell RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, Miller NH, Hubbard VS, Nonas CA, et al.
2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Life Style Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: a report of the American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 Suppl 2):576-599.
59. Rossi AM, Moullec G, Lavoie KL, Gour-Provençal G, Bacon SL. The evolution of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program
recommendation: The impact of resistance training on resting blood pressure in adults as an example. Can J Cardiol. 2013; 29(5):622-627. 60. Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Influence
of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metabol Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(12):1253- 1261.
61. Chiu S, Bergeron N, Williams PT, Bray GA, Sutherland B, Krauss RM. Comparison of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and a higher-fat DASH diet on blood pressure and lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr.
2016;103(2):341-347.
62. Ho AK, Bartels CM, Thorpe CT, Pandhi N, Smith MA, Johnson HM. Achieving Weight Loss and Hypertension Control Among Obese Adults: A US Multidisciplinary Group Practice Observational Study. Am J
Hypertens. 2016;29(8):984-991.
63. Poorolajal J, Hooshmand E, Bahrami M, Ameri P. How much excess weight loss can reduce the risk of hypertension? J Public Health (Oxf). 2016 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print]
64. Oren S, Isakov I, Golzman B, et al. The influence of smoking cessation on hemodynamics and arterial compliance. Angiology.
2006;57(5):564-568.
65. Takeshi Takami T, Saito Y. Effects of smoking cessation on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011; 7:633-638.
66. Oncken CA, White WB, Cooney JL, Van Kirk JR, Ahluwalia JS, Giacco S. Impact of smoking cessation on ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens. 2001; 14(9 Pt
1):942-949.
67. Husain K, Ansari RA, Ferder L. Alcohol-induced hypertension: Mechanism and prevention. World J Cardiol. 2014;6(5):245-252. 68. Marchi KC Muniz JJ, Tirapelli CR. Hypertension and chronic ethanol
consumption: What do we know after a century of study? World J Cardiol. 2014;6(5):283-294.
69. Eckell RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Life Style Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A report of the
48 nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com nursece4less.com
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force. Circulation. 2014 129:576-599.
70. Posadzki P, Cramer H, Kuzdzal A, Lee MS, Ernst E. Yoga for hypertension: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2014; 22(3):511-522.
71. Cramer H, Haller H, Lauche R, Steckhan N, Michalsen A, Dobos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014; 27(9):1146-1151.
72. Blom K, Baker B, How M, Dai M, Irvine J, Abbey S, et al. Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga: results from the HARMONY randomized controlled trial. Am J
Hypertens. 2014; 27(1):122-129.
73. Wang J, Xiong X, Liu W. (2013). Acupuncture for essential hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 169(5):317-326.
74. Li DZ, Zhou Y, Yang YN, Ma YT, Li XM, Yu J, et al. Acupuncture for essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized sham-
controlled clinical trials. Evid Based Complement Alt Med; 279478. doi: 10.1155/2014/279478.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). High blood pressure facts. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.
The information presented in this course is intended solely for the use of healthcare professionals taking this course, for credit, from NurseCe4Less.com. The
information is designed to assist healthcare professionals, including nurses, in addressing issues associated with healthcare.
The information provided in this course is general in nature, and is not designed to address any specific situation. This publication in no way absolves facilities of their responsibility for the appropriate orientation of healthcare professionals.
Hospitals or other organizations using this publication as a part of their own orientation processes should review the contents of this publication to ensure accuracy and compliance before using this publication.
Hospitals and facilities that use this publication agree to defend and indemnify, and shall hold NurseCe4Less.com, including its parent(s), subsidiaries, affiliates,
officers/directors, and employees from liability resulting from the use of this publication.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced without written permission from NurseCe4Less.com.