Sistema de recuperación de información

Also, the T.C.H.T responds to social cultural needs. T.C.H.T within Arab society follows one rule is that the family unit is fundamental. An overriding concern in the design of the house was seclusion and it is significant that this is the local word for a house. How-Chang (1986) provided the broad social and cultural influences upon the form of the courtyard house by spatial organisation and determinants of the physical elements. This response achieved through:

 Privacy

Al-Alwani (2014, p. 99) argued that “The T.C.H.T reflects the family structure and lifestyle which are the major aspects shaping these houses that has endured many vicissitudes, and it stands as a major architectural achievement”. The house was continuously renovated, enlarged, or even transformed into a cluster of inter-related households. In the traditional life, there was a sharp divide between the public world and the private. Every house was a private, introverted enclosure, shut off from its surroundings by high and solid walls. It provided its occupants with a total contrast to the hustle of life in the street. Likewise, a study by Leylian et al. (2010, pp.279-280) pointed out that the form and arrangement of being inward-looking ensures complete privacy and avoids their being overlooked by passers-by and neighbours.

For example the concept of an internal courtyard resulted in the provision of a private and secluded open space exposed to the sky. for example the entrance is located at one end of the front elevation rather than near the middle by avoiding a direct and axial form of entry, which is known as bent or crooked, also, the present of shanasheel provides a visual link with the outside along the alleyway, projecting out to within a short distance of others it was a platform for communication across the street itself, and gives a sense of privacy by identifies callers at the front door, particularly in winter when the family living activities are transferred to the first floor and many other details (Haw-Change, 1986, p. 45 and Al-Azzawi, 1996, p. 280).

Guyt (1978, pp.93-208) pointed out that the nature of the living in T.C.H.T was dominated by two basic and interrelated forces:

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 First, and perhaps most important as far as the design of houses is concerned, is the role that women played in society and their place in the household structure

 Second in influence on house design is the nature of the socialization process in a society dominated by men. These two forces were instrumental in shaping daily interactions, and their influence is easily identifiable in the design of upper class housing. The traditional house, therefore, is introverted, and must possess the necessary conveniences and must be isolated. In these cases, houses are made up of separate parts

Due to the Arab need for the segregation of the gender and for privacy, courtyard houses used to have various spaces, as confirmed by Touman and Al-Ajmi (2005, p.1078). These can be classified as follows:

 The first was semi-public in nature and was intended to provide the male head of the household with facilities for social gatherings, entertainment, and accommodation

 The second is a private section used by women and members of the family, and was more private with limited access to the outside.

This separation meant that sections of houses became independent residential units from which women can look out, but no one can look in. Likewise, female members of the family avoid the possibility of being overlooked by the neighbours opposite and passers-by. This segregation meant the complete and absolute privacy of the family domain and has also been one of a significant characteristic that influenced the employment of the notion of T.C.H.T. Therefore the privacy is fundamental aspect of the user’s lifestyle in this type of house.

 Extended family

As a part of living in T.C.H.T is the families are extended which is response to social cultural need as confirmed by Yang (2007). During the last ten years (El Shorbagy, 2010A, p.15) said that “T.C.H.T was extensive and broadened outside the household by extended family relationships. The interrelationships of families were the sinews that reflect society need”. Therefore, extended families became other significant part of lifestyle in T.C.H.T.

From this we understand the privacy and extend family were fundamental role of the living in T.C.H.T which reflect the lifestyle that created social cultural aspects in it.

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3.2.5 The traditional courtyard houses in Iraq

This section focuses how the T.C.H.T in Iraq distinguished from other T.C.H.T in the world? and to what extent does the T.C.H.T in Baghdad respond to the environment and respect to the needs of its occupants?

The CH. is generally found within in a traditional city and is fundamentally a dwelling. The T.C.H.T has an inward looking plan concept represents constant aspects of domestic architecture in most of the world. It responds to and interacts with different aspects to determine the typical nature. T.C.H.T has courtyard secluded space which has other living spaces adjoining it so that they can receive light and natural ventilation, and permit visual and physical communication (see section 3.2.1).

The current research focused on the feature of T.C.H.T through categories as a form, a size, number of courtyard (s) and materials. However, what they distinguished this type of house in Iraq related to the size which include different size small, medium, and large that increased to 300 m²,or with the number of courtyards, grouped into: one two, three and four courtyards see Section 3.2.2. Can we find these categories in Iraq on the ground without any change? Are these categories had the same house performance? Is the different size are usually the same number rooms and spaces at each floor level? What is the number and functionality of the room, and the position of various undertakings? To more understanding the T.C.H.T, we need to know the components as other feature, which are classified into three groups: (1) usable spaces; (2) the transitional space; (3) architectural elements (see Section 3.2.3). However, other distinguished of T.C.H.T. feature in Iraq which had two types of basement sardab and neem sardab. One can ask what the orientation of house/ spaces; this could be to achieve a comfortable environment for different activities. Also, is the function of each space and place fixed or changed according the need? What is this need that created this change? What is the relation between the function and their activities? Is this space and place achieving a comfortable environment for different activities? What is the location of different activities? Do the service rooms achieve comfort for the occupant, or have they been changed to be appropriate to the modern lifestyle? Also, what are the types of existing systems the occupants had and additional systems the occupants need such as electricity, lighting devices, cooling and heating devices, water services, drainage and sewage systems, and potential electronic communication?

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The current research has illustrated that the most significant characteristics of the T.C.H.T were its first response to the environment through the passive system and lifestyle. The house components were linked to the plan section elevation, elements and details, and the structure and construction created passive systems due to thermal comfort linked to cooling, heating, ventilation, and lighting. The term passive systems was highlighted by Raman et al. (2001, p. 319) as being those techniques used to deliver heat, cool air and ventilation according to the time of year. Agrawal (1989, p. 557) describes the methods of utilizing the solar heat and air movement available in buildings, as they relate to the architectural concept, to provide thermal comfort. Agha (2015, p.30) defined passive systems as the assembly of natural and architectural components which convert elements of the climate and deliver heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting without mechanical power. This research will depend on the latter meaning by Agha in the current research, which clears the process of these systems. The climate and weather condition in Iraq has suffered from difficult phenomena concerned with the temperature difference between day and night and different seasons, the presence of dust storms, and other issues as confirmed in Chapter 2.2.1. However, we must consider the difficulties in adapting to changing needs as concerned with different T.C.H.T categories, especially large and medium T.C.H.T, and those with three or four interior courtyards. It is important to determine if passive systems are sufficient for the occupants in the T.C.H.T to adapt to changing needs.

Also, the physical movement pattern of seasonal and daily movement between the house parts is the second aspect in achieving thermal comfort around the year. The vertical movements in section indicate that there may also be a vertical temperature difference between the floor levels and basement around 20°C in summer. With horizontal movements in plan there is differentials between sides to side around 3-5°C do of course directly relate to comfort conditions, as confirmed by Warren and Ihsan Fethi (1982, pp.103-104). The important factor is the range of conditions, which becomes a substantial advantage to the inhabitants who can choose their place of work or rest to suit the circumstances. This movement became part of lifestyle of T.C.H.T in Iraq. This study has explored many journals on topics related to lifestyle such as energy policy which is defined lifestyle as how we live and work in buildings (Diamond, 2003, p. 1211). Lutzenhiser and Gossard (2000, p.207) illustrated that lifestyle is “distinctive modes of existence that are accomplished by persons and groups through socially sanctioned and culturally intelligible patterns of action”.

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Sanquist et al. stated that lifestyle can be generally seen as patterns of consumption affected by choices at different points during the lifetime, for example which profession to have, where to reside, when (or if) to wed and start a family, and other choices about purchases and operating devices which consume energy. These definitions have addressed the social relation of behavioural aspects, or the human relation to place. However, the lifestyle in this research means a way of life related to the role of everyday different activities in terms of the relationship with places,⁷ spaces,⁸ and levels⁹ during different times,¹⁰ and the possible changes in the need to appropriate thermal comfort. However, do the occupants in the T.C.H.T still have the same lifestyle; in other words, what is the lifestyle for the current users and what possible changes may there be for future users?

The second significant response to society and culture has been explained in the T.C.H.T in terms of both the privacy for different genders and for extended families, due to the family structure, which is part of the lifestyle in this type of house (see Section 3.2.4).

However, many questions were raised regarding the T.C.H.T what will happen to the lifestyle of the current user? Does the T.C.H.T still have occupant movement? Is this movement compatible with different activities, all of which are stimulated to response the different environmental conditions? Is this is there any change of the original lifestyle? Have the T.C.H.T experienced any change or not? A difficulty and inefficiency of information on what are the key features of T.C.H.T and to what extent do these support the lifestyle for the current and future user are not clearly identified and not comprehensively presented, details of the T.C.H.T that includes these factors and interrelationships is necessary to provide role on refurbishing and implementing IS for this type of house. Therefore, we need further investigation by conducted case study. These considerations should be understood and considered carefully in terms of the current key features of the T.C.H. Therefore, this study believes that detailed studies are needed on the potential of IS in the T.C.H.T in terms of environment and social perspectives to enhance the performance and adapt to the changing needs of

7 The places include the living room, bedrooms, kitchen, and others.

8 The spaces refer to open, semi-open, semi-closed and closed spaces.

9 Levels are either vertical or horizontal.

10 Different times means the time of day and night, summer and winter.

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its T.C.H.T over time. To deal with this type of technology, we need to understand why IS in T.C.H.T.

As we know, the T.C.H.T is an indigenous residential form in a traditional city which has, however, transformed and been developed in different ways, and has been influenced by different factors (Schulz, 1982). The successful example of the CH needs to be clarified, such as the contemporary form, which is illustrated in the next section.

3.3 The contemporary courtyard house type

The previous section presented the T.C.H.T, and this part looks into the transformation of various CH typologies according to change needs which is a response to different aspects.

However, type has a meaning similar to that of “model,” and describes the characteristics of structural, material technique, distributive, geometric, spatial, plastic, and stylistic iconographic (Güney, 2007, p.9). Also, type refers to the categorisation of structures by use for example hospital, school, or prison- or by morphology such as buildings with courtyards, pavilions, long halls (Sailer, 2014).

Lastly, type is a definite spatial, socio-cultural and political product which stems from the city as an abstract idea, whereas typology translates generic into precise driven and structural solutions (Jacoby, 2015). Now we stated that the types are linked to the many factors which have influenced the planning and design of dwelling units, and these are: cultural and religious influences, society and the structure of families, economic and technological factors, and the local climate, all which provides historic continuity. The transformation of CH. has resulted in the development of different configurations which is vital in defining the contemporary CH. typology developed for a single working class family, and how it began to be designed for housing the masses and this are now highlighted in this section which help as to understand Why do we need an IS in the T.C.H.T?