Situación del municipio de San Andrés de Tumaco

5.1 Introduction.

International migration is as old as the history of humanity. Population movements have always accompanied demographic growth, political conflicts and economic changes.

People were always moving in pursuit of a better life conditions or being forced to do it by circumstances. The present times, however have brought a completely new face of migration which has never been experienced before. It is the reasons for migrational movements which have changed substantially. On the other hand international migration has never been as pervasive as it is today. It has never been so politically and socio-economically important for its linkages with complex processes affecting the entire world (Castles, p.260).

The very meaning of travelling has been changed in the era of the time and space compression. Contemporary migrants are very often the co creators of the reality as the natives. The society becomes more and more the melting pot, the ethnicity blend and

‘the mosaic of diasporas’ (Bauman, European Culture Congress inauguration 2011).

I have made references to the examples from the literature, to recall the most recent history of Poland. There was historical fragility of belonging to Poland, particularly in the last 100 years. Czesław Miłosz, Polish Nobel Prize winner, writes about Poland and its history and the time when it was under German and Soviet occupation, which is still vivid in collective memory. Older generation remembers it all very well. There was a double occupation in Poland. Some of the territory that had belonged to Poland before the war was under Soviet occupation, and the rest was held by the Germans. He writes about the time of the World War II and horrifying movement of Polish people:

World War II broke out as a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, which contained a clause stating that the Polish state would be divided between Hitler and Stalin. The Soviet Union’s occupation of eastern Poland resulted in mass deportations to the depths of Soviet Asia and in incredible suffering. The Soviet system yields little to the German in terms of cruelty. Those who are surprised by Polish hostility toward the Soviet Union fail to consider that every second family in Poland had someone who was deported to Soviet camps and prisons (Czarnecka and Fiut, 1987, p.83).

The post-war Poland was a very difficult place to live as well, and the socialist system has not left too much space for the development of the individual or for free will.

Miłosz was asked by Czarnecka, about how he felt while being a migrant himself, and if America remained a “land of great loneliness” in his opinion, he answered:

Like millions of other Europeans of my generation, I was not in a position of my own choosing. The system had been changed in our country without our approval.

And Poland’s subjugation, the occupation began in 1945, was a hideous thing. It’s very difficult to resign yourself to your country’s loss of sovereignty. Of course, at the same time I had been opposed to the situation in pre-war Poland, one that had been very difficult to accept. It had been a society of extremely strong class divisions. The overwhelming majority of people simply had no chance of advancing in society. Poland could not industrialize, because of lack of capital.

My point in all this is not to put socialism and capitalism in opposition, comparing what’s good and what’s bad about each. That’s comparison that shouldn’t be made, because it doesn’t lead anywhere. We know there’s no parallelism. The communist system is simply parasitic. It couldn’t exist if there weren’t some margin where people could pursue some private economic activities. The main point here is that considering one system unbearable doesn’t mean you accept the other system with open arms. I’m laughing – because this may just the way life is.

But that doesn’t mean that person has no dreams, no vision of some different and better society.(Czarnecka and Fiut, 1987, pp.93-94)

A whole generation later, individuals happened to live in the time of capitalism, free market democracy and global changes. The above mentioned movement was part of history but now young people are moving but in pursuit of education, economic change - even if it is to a great extent imposed by the absence of opportunities at home.

5.2 Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert and Homesickness

Miłosz was writing beautifully about the homesickness and a great longing for his country, while living and thriving in Californian exile. He safely returned to his native country when socialism declined. One of the most influential European poets of the second half of the twentieth century, Zbigniew Herbert, whose life and work were shaped by World War II and life under Poland's communist regime as well, travelled to the West, too - but found himself returning several times to a system he had never served. He wrote about this decision in "Mr Cogito - the Return". This is a part of the poem below:

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so why does he return ask friends

from the better world he could stay here

somehow make ends meet entrust the wound

to chemical stain-remover

leave it behind in waiting- rooms of immense airports

so why is he returning - to the water of childhood - to entangled roots

- to the clasp of memory - to the hand the face seared on the grill of time

at first glance simple the questions demand a complicated answer probably Mr Cogito returns to give a reply

to the whispering of fear to impossible happiness to the blow given from behind to the deadly question

Mr Cogito is a figure recalling Latin: ‘Cogito ergo sum’: I think therefore I am. And that includes the unthinkable and the borderline-rational. In "Mr Cogito - the Return", Herbert goes back to Poland knowing "he will regret it greatly". He wants his own language and the West's consumption bores him. Herbert identifies with his country as caring “about his own wound”. He wants to return to "the treasure house/of all misfortune". He recognises, that this is the yearning for "impossible happiness" but also

“entangled roots”.

In my work I was trying to find out what has been left from those people who were longing and yearning for their native country in the contemporary generation. The outcomes are quite surprising, as the attitude towards the home country has changed within this particular generation considerably. For a long time people, were yearning terribly for their home, and today’s migrants also feel nostalgia, but the very different kind of it. This is not longing for going back. The issue is being discussed broader in the next chapter. Stanisław Barańczak has shown, the fundamental opposition is that of ‘the realm of inheritance” (“obszar dziedzictwa”) in Miłosz writings versus “the realm of disinheritance” (“obszar wydziedziczenia”) in Herbert’s writings. Herbert’s hero is always suspended between East and West, between the past and the present, between myth and real life experience, primarily because of historical events in which the

biographical incidents of the poet coincides with the fate of Poland: the loss of his own native land is caused by Poland’s loss of independence (Czarnecka and Fiut, 1987).

For Miłosz disinheritance is an inevitable part of the human condition, an in-between state natural to every inhabitant of the earth: man is always in-between nature and culture, history and transcendence,. For that reason Herbert and Miłosz interpret the Fall differently. For Herbert, it is a symbol of a loss of an idyll-personal, patriotic, cultural. For Miłosz, it is the image of existential division. Herbert sees himself outside the gate of Paradise; Miłosz, in the shadow of the tree of knowledge (Czarnecka and Fiut, 1987, p.159).

Those are the examples from the literature to picture the longing for the home country from the perspective of Polish poets and writers, who were at the exile during the socialistic regime. I wanted to contrast them with the contemporary situation of Polish students, who moved to another country but their motives and experiences are very different. This can be applied to the bigger picture of migration phenomenon on a global scale.

The very interesting aspect of this work is the transcript of personal life transitions. As Giddens noticed-the emigrational movements are encouraging the reflexivity of the self.

The respondents of this study have shared their perspectives and reflections about their transitions and challenges that they had to face along the whole way, to adapt, to assimilate, to renegotiate their identities. They were open and honest about their changing frames of references and re-evaluating of what had been taken for granted when in their home country. They were very honest talking about Polish biases and complexes. They described of how they felt from being firstly strangers in Ireland to slightly moving to feel the otherness in their own country. This was a very interesting outcome of the study undertaken. Most of them felt to some extent uprooted and alienated in both places. The interesting point is that the way they miss their native land has changed. It is a very different longing in comparison to the homesickness, all the Polish people felt through the generations. This phenomenon does not concern only Poles, but all the historical nations, on the exile, travelling in pursuit of better life conditions or because they had being forced into it by external circumstances have shared the similar traits of homesickness. At the present, probably as never before in human history young people miss their country in a very specific way, not really wanting to move back there.

In order to explain this phenomenon I have framed this perspective within the thoughts of such writers as Bourdieu, Bauman, Bloomer, Budakowska and some other sociologists. Budakowska explains the borderless identity concept, Bauman discusses

the profound changes in individuals identity, caused by living in the state of constantly changing external circumstances, unpredictability and liquidity of the postmodern world of neo-liberal capitalism.

Because the main characters of this study are Polish students in Ireland, the work had become the transcription of the Irish educational system, seen from the perspective of immigrants and non-traditional students for the same reason. It is an important perspective, because each European Union member needs to adjust its educational system to the growing number of migrant and non-traditional students and cultural diversity in Higher Education settings. Both policy and curriculum has to evolve along with the changing socio-cultural conditions within the European Union.