Note: not all of these papers are referenced in this appendix and some references used were not discovered through the systematic review.
Initial pearls
Appleby J, Devlin N, Parkin D. NICE’s cost effectiveness threshold–how high should it be? BMJ2007;335:358–9.
Appleby J, Devlin N, Parkin D, Buxton M, Chalkidou K. Searching for cost effectiveness thresholds in the NHS. Health Policy2009;91:239–45.
Bridges JFP, Onukwugha E, Mullins CD. Healthcare rationing by proxy cost-effectiveness analysis and the misuse of the $50 000 threshold in the US.Pharmacoeconomics2010;28:175–84.
Culyer A, McCabe C, Briggs A, Claxton K, Buxton M, Akehurst R,et al.Searching for a threshold, not setting one: the role of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.J Health Serv Res Policy 2007;12:56–8.
Devlin N, Parkin D. Does NICE have a cost-effectiveness threshold and what other factors influence its decisions? A binary choice analysis.Health Econ2004;13:437–52.
Gafni A, Birch S. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs): the silence of the lambda.Soc Sci Med 2006;62:2091–100.
McCabe C, Claxton K, Culyer AJ. The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold–what it is and what that means.
Pharmacoeconomics2008;26:733–44.
Raftery J. Should NICE’s threshold range for cost per QALY be raised? No.BMJ2009;338:268–9. Towse A. Should NICE’s threshold range for cost per QALY be raised? Yes.BMJ2009;338:268–9.
DOI: 10.3310/hta19140 HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2015 VOL. 19 NO. 14
© Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2015. This work was produced by Claxtonet al.under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.
Braithwaite RS, Meltzer DO, King JT Jr, Leslie D, Roberts MS. What does the value of modern medicine say about the $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year decision rule?Med Care2008;46:349–56.
Grosse S. Assessing cost-effectiveness in healthcare: history of the $50,000 per QALY threshold.
Exp Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res2008;8:165–78.
Rawlins MD, Culyer AJ. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments.BMJ 2004;329:224–7.
Chambers JD, Neumann PJ, Buxton MJ. Does Medicare have an implicit cost-effectiveness threshold?
Med Decis Making2010;30:E14–27. Step 1 results
Brouwer W, can Exel J, Baker R, Donaldson C. The new myth–the social value of the QALY. Pharmacoeconomics2008;26:1–4.
Claxton K, Lindsay AB, Buxton MJ, Culyer AJ, McCabe C, Walker S,et al. Value based pricing for NHS drugs: an opportunity not to be missed?BMJ2008;336:251–4.
Cohen J, Looney W. Re: How much Is life worth: cetuximab, non-small cell lung cancer, and the $440 billion question.J Natl Cancer Inst2010;102:1044–8.
Eichler HG, Kong SX, Gerth WC, Mavros P, Jonsson B. Use of cost-effectiveness analysis in health-care resource allocation decision-making: how are cost-effectiveness thresholds expected to emerge?
Value Health2004;7:518–28.
Green C, Gerard K. Exploring the social value of health-care interventions: a stated preference discrete choice experiment.Health Econ2009;18:951–76.
Groot W, van den Brink HM. The value of health.BMC Health Serv Res2008;8:136. Hughes DA, Ferner RE. New drugs for old: disinvestment and NICE.BMJ2010;340:690–2.
Lieu TA, Ray G, Ortega-Sanchez I, Kleinman K, Rusinak D, Prosser L. Willingness to pay for a QALY based on community member and patient preferences for temporary health states associated with herpes zoster. Pharmacoeconomics2009;27:1005–16.
Mason AR, Drummond MF. Public funding of new cancer drugs: is NICE getting nastier?Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1188–92.
Mason H, Jones-Lee M, Donaldson C. Modelling the monetary value of a qaly: a new approach based on UK data.Health Econ2009;18:933–50.
Maynard A, Bloor K. The future role of NICE.BMJ2010;341:c6286.
Rascati KL. The $64,000 question–what is a quality-adjusted life-year worth?Clin Ther2006;28:1042–3. Rawlins M, Barnett D, Stevens A. Pharmacoeconomics: NICE’s approach to decision-making.Br J Clin
Pharmacol2010;70:346–9.
Shiroiwa T, Sung YK, Fukuda T, Lang HC, Bae SC, Tsutani K. International survey on willingness-to-pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness?Health Econ 2010;19:422–37.
Speight J, Reaney M. Wouldn’t it be NICE to consider patients’views when rationing health care?BMJ 2009;338:297.
Tappenden P, Brazier J, Ratcliffe J, Chilcott J. A stated preference binary choice experiment to explore NICE decision making.Pharmacoeconomics2007;25:685–93.
Weinstein MC. How much are Americans willing to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year?Med Care 2008;46:343–45.
Yaesoubi R, Roberts SD. A game-theoretic framework for estimating a health purchaser’s willingness-to-pay for health and for expansion.Health Care Manag Sci2010;13:358–77.
Step 2 results
Appleby J, Devlin N, Parkin D, Buxton M, Chalkidou K.Searching for Local NHS Cost Effectiveness Thresholds: A Feasibility Study. NICE Conference Manchester. 5–6 December 2007. URL: www.nice2007. co.uk/ApplebyDevlin.pdf (accessed 12 January 2012).
Birch S, Gafni A. The biggest bang for the buck or bigger bucks for the bang: the fallacy of the cost-effectiveness threshold.J Health Serv Res Policy2006;11:46–51.
Braithwaite RS, Roberts MS.$50,000 per QALY: Inertia, Indifference, or Irrationality?Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Atlanta, GA, USA, 17–20 October, 2004. Drummond M, Torrance G, Mason J. Cost-effectiveness league tables: more harm than good?
Soc Sci Med1993;37:33–40.
Gerard K, Mooney G. QALY league tables: handle with care.Health Econ1993;2:59–64. Gyrd-Hansen D. Willingness to pay for a QALY: theoretical and methodological issues.
Pharmacoeconomics2005;23:423–32.
Hammitt JK. The $64,000 question: what are we willing to pay for a QALY.ISPOR Connect2005;11:7–9. Hirth RA, Chernew ME, Miller E, Fenderick AM, Weissert WG. Willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year: in search of a standard.Med Decis Making2000;20:332–42.
King JT Jr, Tsevat J, Lave JR, Roberts MS. Willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year: implications for societal health care resource allocation.Med Decis Making2005;25:667–77.
Lee C, Chertow G, Zenios S. An empiric estimate of the value of life: updating the renal dialysis cost-effectiveness standard.Value Health2009;12:80–7
Martin S, Rice N, Smith P.Further Evidence on the Link Between Health Care Spending and Health
Outcomes in England[CHE 28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE discussion paper 32]. York: University of York; 2007.
Martin S, Rice N, Smith PC.The Link Between Health Care Spending and Health Outcomes for the New English Primary Care Trusts.CHE Research Paper 42. York: University of York; 2008.
Mauskopf J, Rutten F, Schonfeld W. Cost-effectiveness league tables: valuable guidance for decision makers?Pharmacoeconomics2003;21:991–1000.
DOI: 10.3310/hta19140 HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2015 VOL. 19 NO. 14
© Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2015. This work was produced by Claxtonet al.under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.
Smith RD, Richardson J. Can we estimate the‘social’value of a QALY? Four core issues to resolve. Health Policy2005;74:77–84.
Stinnett AA, Paltiel AD. Mathematical programming for the efficient allocation of health care resources. J Health Econ1996;15:641–53.
Towse A, Pritchard C, Devlin N, eds.Cost Effectiveness Thresholds: Economic and Ethical issues. London: Office of Health Economics, The King’s Fund; 2002.
Ubel PA, Hirth RA, Chernew ME, Fendrick AM. What is the price of life and why doesn’t it increase at the rate of inflation?Arch Int Med2002;163:1637–41.
Williams A.What Could Be Nicer Than NICE?London: Office for Health Economics; 2004.
Winkelymayer WC, Weinstein MC, Mittelman MA, Glynn RJ, Pliskin JS. Health economic evaluations: the special case of end-stage renal disease treatment.Med Decis Making2002;22:417–30.
Step 3 results
Baker R, Bateman I, Donaldson C, Jones-Lee M, Lancsar E, Loomes G,et al.Weighting and valuing quality-adjusted life-years using stated preference methods: preliminary results from the Social Value of a QALY Project.Health Technol Assess2010:14(27).
Bobinac A, van Exel N, Rutten FFN, Werner B. Willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year: the individual perspective.Value Health2010;13:1046–55.
Brock DW. How much is more life worth?Hastings Center Rep2006;36:17–19.
Byrne MM, O’Malley K, Suarez-Almazor ME. Willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life-year in a study of knee osteoarthritis.Med Decis Making2005;25:655–66.
Griffin S, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Decision analysis for resource allocation in health care.J Health Serv Res Policy2008;13:23–30.
Gyrd-Hansen D. Willingness to pay for a QALY.Health Econ2003;12:1049–60. Harrison S. A policy agenda for health-care rationing.Br Med Bull1995;51:885–99.
Laufer F. Thresholds in cost-effectiveness analysis–more of the story.Value Health2005;8:86–7. Pinto-Prades JL, Loomes G, Brey R. Trying to estimate a monetary value for the QALY.J Health Econ 2009;28:553–62.
Vernon JA, Goldberg R, Golec J. Economic evaluation and cost-effectiveness thresholds signals to firms and implications for R&D investment and innovation.Pharmacoeconomics2009;27:797–806.
Step 4 results
Abelson P. The value of life and health for public policy.Econ Record2003;79:S2–13.
Fryback DG, Lawrence WF. Dollars may not buy as many QALYs as we think: a problem with defining quality-of-life adjustments.Med Decis Making1997;17:276–84.
Gafni A, Birch S. Guidelines for the adoption of new technologies–a prescription for uncontrolled growth in expenditures and how to avoid the problem.CMAJ1993;148:913–17.
Johnson FR. Einstein on willingness to pay per QALY: is there a better way?Med Decis Making 2005;25:607–8.
Laupacis A, Feeny D, Detsky A, Tugwell P. How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization–tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations.CMAJ 1992;146:473–81.
Polsky D. Does willingness to pay per quality-adjusted life-year bring us closer to a useful decision rule for cost-effectiveness analysis?Med Decis Making2005;25:605–6.
Martin S, Rice N, Smith P.The Link Between Health Care Spending and Health Outcomes: Evidence from English Programme Budgeting Data.CHE Research Paper 24. York: Centre for Health Economics; 2007. Chambers JD, Neumann PJ, Buxton MJ. Does Medicare have an implicit cost-effectiveness threshold?
Med Decis Making2010;30:E14–27. Step 5 results
Birch S, Gafni A. Cost-effectiveness ratios–in a league of their own.Health Policy1994;28:133–41. Johnson FR, Backhouse M. Eliciting stated preferences for health-technology adoption criteria using paired comparisons and recommendation judgments.Value Health2006;9:303–11.
Step 6 results
Dolan P, Shaw R, Tsuchiya A, Williams A. QALY maximisation and people’s preferences: a methodological review of the literature.Health Econ2004;14:197–208.
Baker R, Bateman I, Donaldson C, Jones-Lee M, Lancsar E, Loomes G,et al.Weighting and valuing quality-adjusted life-years using stated preference methods: preliminary results from the Social Value of a QALY Project.Health Technol Assess2010;14(27).
O’Brien BJ, Gertsen K, Willan A, Faulkner L. Is there a kink in consumers’threshold value for cost-effectiveness in health care?Health Econ2002;11:175–80.
Buxton M. How much are health-care systems prepared to pay to produce a QALY?Eur J Health Econ 2005;6:285–7.
Mason AR, Drummond MF. Public funding of new cancer drugs: is NICE getting nastier?Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1188–92.
DOI: 10.3310/hta19140 HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2015 VOL. 19 NO. 14
© Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2015. This work was produced by Claxtonet al.under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.
Appendix 2
The link between NHS spending
and mortality: estimating the cost of a life-year
in Englanda
Prologue
This report presents, in a linear fashion, details of the econometric work undertaken to estimate the link between NHS spending and mortality. It also presents details of how the econometric work is used to calculate the cost of a life-year. This report is designed to serve as a reference document in support of the main project report, which highlights the major findings from the project. As a supporting document this report provides far more detail than most interested parties will require. Nevertheless, those who seek more detail than that contained in the main project report may find the material here useful.