Software Jclic:

This research has used osteoarthritis in order to investigate activity patterns. This approach showed interesting results, however, other activity markers could be investigated as well in order to get a better activity profile. This can, for example, be done by, adding entheseal changes, which Palmer (2019) has done in her research, or perhaps inclusion of bone morphology, like Schats (2016) included in her research into medieval activity patterns. Entheseal changes are a good marker for activity, because these changes are a result of the amount of muscle pull the bone had to endure (Palmer 2019, 15). On the bone these changes can be seen in the form of ridges, bony spurs, and pitting on the bony cortex of muscle attachment sites of the bone (Weiss 2017, 43). Bone morphology is another good marker for activity. It is believed that strenuous activity can alter the shape of certain bones. In order to withstand strenuous mechanical loading, the body can deposit extra bone. On the other hand, when strain is decreased, bone can be removed from the surface (Schats 2016, 44). Together with osteoarthritis, these two markers could potentially give a fuller, more rounded, activity pattern profile of the individuals of Middenbeemster and Arnhem.

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Abstract

This research uses the disease of osteoarthritis in order to investigate the activity patterns of a rural and an urban environment in the Netherlands during the post- medieval period. It produced two datasets with matching criteria obtained from the skeletal assemblages of the heavily researched rural site of Middenbeemster and the relatively new urban site of Arnhem. Historical literature is combined with osteoarthritis prevalence give a more clear and detailed image of past activity patterns. This literature has provided this research with the knowledge that Middenbeemster was a dairy farming community, while Arnhem was a city with a focus on the beer brewing industry. Different markers on the bones associated with osteoarthritis resulted in differences in osteoarthritis prevalence. This differences were not only investigated within the environments but also between the environments. In the urban environment a sexual division of labour was seen, while in the rural environment men and women performed similar strenuous activities. Besides this, it is evident that industrial city life was more strenuous on the bodies of individuals than farming life was during the post-medieval period in the Netherlands.

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Figures

Figure 2.1: A normal synovial joint (Waldron 2009, 26). ... 12

Figure 2.2: New bone growth, marginal osteophytes, and eburnation on the humerus (left), ulnae (centre), and radius (right) (Larson 2015, 182). ... 13

Figure 3.1: Location of Middenbeemster... 18

Figure 3.2: Trench with uncovered burial on the foreground (Hakvoort 2013, 16). ... 18

Figure 3.3: Uncovered burial (Hakvoort 2013, 33). ... 19

Figure 3.4: Location of Arnhem ... 20

Figure 3.5: Two uncovered burials (Baetsen et al. 2018, 40). ... 22

Figure 4.1: Sex distribution (%) of the collections Arnhem (n=230) and Middenbeemster (n=211). ... 28

Tables

Table 4.1: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint type in the Middenbeemster collection. ... 29

Table 4.2: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint group in the Middenbeemster collection. ... 30

Table 4.3: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint type in the Arnhem collection. ... 31

Table 4.4: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint group in the Arnhem collection. ... 31

Table 4. 5: Number of individuals affected by osteoarthritis in the two collections. ... 32

Table 4.6: Statistical comparison of the number of individuals affected by osteoarthritis in the two collections. ... 32

Table 4.7: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis in the two collections. ... 32

Table 4.8: Statistical comparison of the number of joints affected by osteoarthritis in the two collections. ... 33

54 Table 4.9: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint type in the two

collections. ... 34 Table 4.10: Statistical comparison of the number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint type in the two collections. ... 35 Table 4.11: Number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint group in the two collections. ... 35 Table 4.12: Statistical comparison of the number of joints affected by osteoarthritis per joint group in the two collections. ... 36

In document Modelo Didactico Centrado en el Uso del Software JCLIC para Desarrollar la Capacidad Resolución de Problemas de los Alumnos del Primer Grado de Secundaria en el Área de Matemática de la I E “Cristo Rey” del Distrito de José Leonardo Ortiz, Provincia de (página 61-69)