Solver, modelos y esquemas de interpolación y discretización

EST vocabulary is referred to as specialized vocabulary or terms applied in various disciplines or professions (Wang, 2009). With the rapid development of the technology, it was an inevitable trend to define some new phenomena or explain certain new inventions with new specialized words, thus constituting a large portion of EST vocabularies.

Wide Use of Particular Words and Their Modifications

There is wide use of particular word formations and different modifications that occur in the reading materials of EST. First, there are wide-uses of professionalized vocabularies. Scientific and technological essays are mainly used to illustrate their scientific arguments, or explain certain nature laws, scientific theories, or phenomena. Meanwhile, each discipline or profession must be equipped with an exact set of specialized names or terms, for example, IT (Xin Xi Ji Shu), IP (Zhi Shi Chan Quan), routing system (Lu Jing Xuan Ze Xi Tong), and DNS (Yu Ming Xi Tong), etc. If we cannot master the specialized terms in scientific spheres, it is impossible for us to have a better understanding of the scientific essays or papers

concerning it. Thus, it is essential for us to get familiar and master these scientific and technological terms.

There are many vocabulary words, whose daily meanings that are very familiar to us, like the Conficker worm. The word “worm” is used to call one kind of pest crawling on the ground, while in the essay, it can refer to one kind of computer virus. Of course, there are so many countless examples like this that we won’t bother to mention more here. But the correct understanding of scientific sentences, not only requires us to possess some basic knowledge about English, but also to master some certain professionalized knowledge about science and technology, to judge internal meanings of EST reading materials.

Wide Use of Prefix and Suffix Meanings of EST Vocabularies

Most EST vocabularies stem from Latin or Greek vocabulary roots (Fan, 2011), prefix or suffix, which is one of the major characteristics in EST vocabulary. The fluent understanding of such prefixes and suffixes can contribute to our understanding and translation abilities on specialized essays.

According to statistics conducted by EST specialists, nearly 46% of the vocabulary words originated from Latin, while approximately 7.2% of the vocabulary came from the Greek language, among more than 10,000 common English vocabulary words, whose rates seem to be even higher in the EST reading materials. The commonly used prefixes and suffixes have exceeded more than 100, and of course have conferred with some specialized meanings, for example, bio-(Sheng Ming), graph-(Xie), spirit-(Qi), bi-(Liang Ge), inter-(Hu Xiang), trans-(Kua Yue), and mono-(Dan Du De), etc. The derivations and compounds from such prefixes or suffixes usually belong to nouns, as well as the definition to new inventions. During the process of learning EST, we need to learn such prefixes, suffixes and their derivations as quickly as possible to enlarge our vocabulary, enhance our reading abilities, and quicken our translation speed and quality.

Wide Use of Different Abbreviations

There are a considerable number of abbreviations, which refer to the short form of a word, compound, or phrase made by leaving out some of the letters or by using only the first letter of each word, that appear in EST papers. Generally speaking, they can be classified into three groups

Clipped words. The term clipping denotes the omitting of one or more syllables from a word. The shortening may occur at the beginning, the end, or in the middle of the word (Wang, 2009). For example, “kilo” is clipped for “kilogram”; “memo” for “memorandum”; “gym” for “gymnasium”; “lib” for “liberation”; “doc” for “doctor”; “vet” for “veterinarian”; “prep” for “preparatory”; “auto” for “automobile”; and “flu” for “influenza”, etc.

Initialism. Initialism is used for abbreviating a compound noun or a phrase (Wang, 2009). It consists of the first letter of each word. When you pronounce an initialism, you usually say each letter separately, with the main stress on the last letter, such as AT&T is initialized for “American Telephone and Telegraph Company”, “HIV” is initialized for “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”, “CNN” is initialized for “Cable News Network”, “CD” for “compact disk”, and the “U.C.L.A” for “University of California at Los Angeles”.

Acronyms. An acronym is formed from the first or first few letters of a series of words, or from initial letters plus final letters of the final part of a compound term (Jia, 2007). You pronounce an acronym as a word, rather than say each letter. For example, “BUPA” is short for “the British United

Provident Association”; “NASA” for “National Aeronautics and Space Administration”; “AIDS” for “acquired immune deficiency syndrome”; “TEFL” for “teaching English as a foreign language”; “OPEC” for “Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries”; and “Amphetamine” for “Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine”, etc.

Wide Use of Compound Words

There are many multi-combination of EST words, like a noun added by a noun, a noun by an adjective, or a noun by an adverb, etc. For example, intersecting through-traffic lanes, or normal allowable stresses, etc. Generally speaking, the core word in such a combination usually lies in the last word of the group, and the word previous to it, no matter whether if it is a noun or adjective, all play the role of modification. For example, in the combination of “a properly designed highway surface drainage system”, the “properly” is used to modify “designed”, “high way surface” is used to modify “drainage”, and both are all used to modify “system” simultaneously.

Besides, there are also reversed orders of modification occurring in such a combination. For example, among the group of “the electron attracting substance”, “attracting” is used to modify the word “electron” in front of it. The two words together are used to modify the last word “substance”. In other words, we can shift the above two words into the attributive clause to modify the core word “substance”. For example, it can be changed into the following sentence as “the substance which attracts the electron”. Frequent Occurrences of Imperative Sentences and Subjunctive Moods

It is just expository reading features used with imperative sentence. For example, “after shaving turn the switch off. Be sure to clean the blades and put the shaver into the soft case to store”. In professional or instructional books or papers, the EST must be totally involved with the proof and exploration of the objects and phenomena, and it must be closely related with all kinds of conditions. Thus, the use of subjunctive mood is rather frequent in the EST readings. In addition, when the author intends to state his personal views, he needs to use subjunctive mood to lessen the tone of his writings. For example, “if a laser beam were not extremely intense, it would not be able to melt metals”. Furthermore, the words frequently used in scientific and technological fields, like “suppose”, “suggest”, “assume” or “set”, must put the subjunctive mood into use.

Wide Use of Finite Verbs, Nouns, or Prepositional Phrases

To ensure the definite and concise expression of objects, EST readings often use phrases formed by finite verbs (including the infinitive, participles and gerunds) to replace the clauses, which can be used as the subject, object, predicative, attributive and adverbial clauses in the sentences. For example, “the pedal serves to operate the clutch”. The infinitive “to operate” is used to play the role of adverbial clause.

To achieve the goal of definite expression, EST readings are always meant to use nouns and prepositional phrases, especially including nominalization and noun verbs, with the suffix after the use of verbs, like –ation, -ment, -ence, -al, and –sion. There are also nouns with the suffix of adjectives, like –ability, or –ity, etc. For example, the “the comparison of the movement of light to a wave – an analogy which has actually provided a satisfactory explanation of the observed phenomena during most of the nineteenth century – tended to interfere with the development of the equally valid concept of light as a stream of particles”.

The above examples include 13 different nouns and 11 different preposition phrases, but only two verbs. So, it is an important characteristic of EST readings to have a wide use of nouns and infrequent use of verbs.

Wide Use of Speech Conversions and Conditional Clauses

It is often seen that nearly all nouns can be converted into adjectives, which can be set in front of the nouns to modify them. For example, “when the tanker reaches the refinery, its load of crude is pumped into the refinery storage tanks”. In the above sentence, the word “crude” is originally used as adjective, which is referred to as “not processed”, and now it is converted into a noun, with the meaning of “the raw petroleum”. The words “refinery” and “storage” are all originally used as nouns, but now they are converted into adjectives, to play the role of pre-attribute to modify the key noun of the sentence, “tanks”. In addition, nouns can also be converted into adjectives; adjectives, verbs, adverbs and prepositions can all be converted into verbs. Generally speaking, word conversion is frequently used among EST readings.

On top of that, there are a lot of assumptions and deductions in EST readings (Fan, 2011), thus conditional clauses are always seen in EST readings. There are two different kinds of conditional clause patterns. One is the normal pattern of the conditional clause patterns, like “if …, then …”. For example, “if this experiment fails, then the whole scheme must be scrapped.” The other is the reverted pattern of the conditional clause, that is to put the “if” clause at the end of the subjective clause, where the word “then” can never be used again, as in “the food will go bad, if it is not preserved.”

Wide Use of Long Sentences

In EST readings, to ensure the definite expression about the internal features and mutual correlations among the concerned objects, complex sentences that contain many sub-clause sentences or other modifying components (like attributive clauses, adverbial clauses, subject complement clauses, and object complement clauses, etc.) are often used. When translated into the Chinese, they should be handled properly according to the traditional Chinese modification usages.