Chapter 4. SiO 2 NWs Growth on TiN Thin Films
4.5 Special case: coiled nanoribbons
Routing is one of the main research fields in the WSN area. As the main problem is to achieve durable networks despite the scarce energy resources sensor nodes are provided with, research into rout-ing protocols for WSNs mainly focuses on energy-efficient techniques to disseminate data and/or queries. This chapter has presented some of the most relevant and best-known techniques for energy-efficient routing in the literature. Five different categories of routing protocols which adopt different approaches to achieving energy efficiency have been identified and characterized. The protocols surveyed have been described in the context of the category they belong to.
Although significant achievements have been obtained on the topic, there are still some open issues concerning energy-efficient routing in WSNs which deserve further investigation. One main issue is achieving a good trade-off between energy efficiency and QoS, and, in particular, between energy efficiency and soft real-time support, which requires bounded delays. As is known, duty-cycle reduc-tion is the most effective way to reduce energy consumpreduc-tion, but this is also a cause of delay increase.
For this reason, suitable cluster-based approaches which, while improving network lifetime, are able to achieve bounded delays, are especially sought.
Another promising line of research is network architectures able to exploit the advantages of different routing approaches. As an example, geographic routing approaches often achieve good per-formance in terms of delays [He] [He] [Chi], but only a few of them are also energy-efficient.
On the contrary, cluster-based routing algorithms are able to obtain significant energy savings thanks to the reduced duty cycles of nodes, but rarely address QoS. For this reason, hybrid protocols or frameworks, such as [Tos] that combine the energy efficiency of a cluster-based topology con-trol mechanism with the routing performance of a QoS-enabled routing layer are worth further investigation.
In addition to low energy consumption and bounded delay, routing techniques for WSNs should address application-dependent requirements, such as reliability, authentication, confidentiality, auto-matic set-up and reconfigurability. New research challenges are posed by sensor node mobility as well as by data gathering in the presence of multiple mobile sinks (e.g., laptops or PDAs).
Energy-efficient routing protocols for pervasive, large-scale WSNs and wearable sensor nodes are also sought. A promising development to achieve long-lived WSNs comes from sensor nodes able to apply energy harvesting techniques to capture energy from ambient sources. Some work already exists that tries to integrate sun power exploitation in the LEACH protocol [Thi] [Isl], but
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more effort in this direction is expected. New challenges might also come from the exploitation, in a context-dependent way, of other energy sources, such as electromagnetic fields, fluid flows, and mechanical vibrations, or other techniques that try to harness the energy produced by the human body [Sta], or the action of gravitational fields, e.g., [Hay].
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