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Item Property Standards Frequency
Conformance testing (upon shipment of geomembrane to the site)
Thickness ASTM D5994 Each roll
Density
Tensile properties (yield and break stress, yield and break elongation)
Puncture resistance Tear resistance Carbon black content Carbon black dispersion
ASTM D1505, ASTM D792 ASTM D6693 type IV ASTM D4833 ASTM D1004 ASTM D1603 ASTM D5596
One sample per 5000 m2, or every five rolls delivered to site whichever is the greatest number of tests
Stress crack resistance Oxidative induction time
ASTM D5397
ASTM D3895,ASTM D5885
One sample every 10,000 m2, or resin type or manufacturing run.
Start-up test weld Welding equipment Checked daily at start of works, and
whenever the welding equipment is shut-off for more than one hour. Also after significant changes in weather conditions
Weld conditions Test weld strips will be required
whenever personnel or equipment are changed and/or wide
temperature fluctuations are experienced. Minimum 1.5 m continuous seam
Destructive weld testing
Onsite, hand tensiometer in peel and shear
ASTM D6392 Every weld
Offsite — weld seam strength in peel and shear
ASTM D6392 Every 150 m (if fusion weld), every 120 m (if extrusion weld)
Non-destructive weld testing
Air pressure test, ASTM D5820 Vacuum box test, ASTM D5641
All seams over full length
Visual inspection of geomembrane
Tears, punctures, abrasions, cracks, indentations, thin spots, or other faults in the material.
Every roll
Thickness of geomembrane
Onsite Five per 100 m, 20 m apart, taken at
the edge of the sheet Note:
1 All conformance tests must be reviewed, accepted and reported by a CQA consultant before deployment of the geomembrane. 2 All testing must be performed on samples taken from the geomembrane delivered to site under the CQA consultant supervision. 3 All laboratory tests must be performed in a third-party independent accredited geosynthetics laboratory.
4 The required testing frequencies may be revised by the CQA consultant to conform with improvements in testing methods and/or in the state of the art practice and/or to account for the criticality of the application (i.e. to account for the importance of the geomembrane for the safety of works). Revisions must be approved by the relevant authorities before application.
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Table D4: Guidance on CQA testing for LLDPE geomembranes
Item Property Standards Frequency
Conformance testing (upon shipment of geomembrane to the site)
Thickness ASTM D5994 Each roll
Density
Tensile properties (yield and break elongation)
Puncture resistance Tear resistance Carbon black content Carbon black dispersion
ASTM D1505, ASTM D792 ASTM D6693 type IV ASTM D4833 ASTM D1004 ASTM D1603 ASTM D5596
One sample per 5000 m2, or every
five rolls delivered to site whichever is the greatest number of tests
Axi-symmetric break resistance strain
ASTM D5617 Per formulation
Oxidative induction time Oven ageing and oxidative induction time
ASTM D3895,ASTM D5885 ASTM D5721, ASTM D3895, ASTM D5885
One sample every 10,000 m2, or
resin type or manufacturing run
Start-up test weld Welding equipment Checked daily at start of works, and
whenever the welding equipment is shut-off for more than one hour. Also after significant changes in weather conditions
Weld conditions Test weld strips will be required
whenever personnel or equipment are changed and/or wide
temperature fluctuations are experienced. Minimum 1.5 m continuous seam
Destructive weld testing
Onsite, hand tensiometer in peel and shear
ASTM D6392 Every weld
Offsite — weld seam strength in peel and shear
ASTM D6392 Every 300 m (if fusion weld), every 150 m (if extrusion weld)
Non-destructive weld testing
Air pressure test, ASTM D5820 Vacuum box test, ASTM D5641
All seams over full length
Visual inspection of geomembrane
Tears, punctures, abrasions, cracks, indentations, thin spots, or other faults in the material.
Every roll
Thickness of geomembrane
Onsite Five per 100 m, 20 m apart, taken at
the edge of the sheet Note:
1 All conformance tests must be reviewed, accepted and reported by a CQA consultant before deployment of the geomembrane 2 All testing must be performed on samples taken from the geomembrane delivered to site under the CQA consultant supervision 3 All laboratory tests must be performed in a third-party independent accredited geosynthetics laboratory
4 The required testing frequencies may be revised by the CQA consultant to conform with improvements in testing methods and/or in the state of the art practice and/or to account for the criticality of the application (i.e. to account for the importance of the geomembrane for the safety of works). Revisions must be approved by the relevant authorities before application
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91
D.7
Bibliography
Bouazza A, Zornberg J and Adam D (2002).
Geosynthetics in waste containments: recent advances. Proceedings 7th International Conference on
Geosynthetics, Nice, France, vol. 2, pp. 445-507. Bouazza A, Nahlawi N and Aylward M (2010). In-situ temperature monitoring in an organic waste landfill cell. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering (under review).
Brachman RWI and Gudina S (2008a). Gravel contacts and geomembrane strains for a GM/CCL composite liner. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26(6), pp. 448–459. Brachman RWI and Gudina S (2008b).Geomembrane strains from coarse gravel and wrinkles in a GM/GCL composite liner. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 26(6), pp 488–497.
EPA South Australia (2007). Environmental management of landfill facilities.
Giroud JP and Touze-Foltz N (2003). Geomembranes for landfills. Geosynthetics International 10(4), pp.124-133. Hanson JL, Yesiller Nand Oettle NK (2009). Spatial and temporal temperature distributions in municipal solid waste landfills. Journal of Environmental Engineering (doi.10.106I/ASCE EE.1943-7870.0000202).
Hsuan YG (2000). Data base of field incidents used to establish HDPE geomembrane stress crack resistance specifications. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 18, pp. 1-22. Hsuan YG and Koerner RM (1995). The single point notched constant tensile load test: A quality control test for assessing stress crack resistance. Geosynthetics International 2(5), pp.831-843.
Hsuan YG and Koerner RM (1998). Antioxidant depletion time in high-density polyethylene geomembranes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124 (6), pp. 532-541.
Hsuan YG, Schroeder HF, Rowe RK, Müller W, Greenwood J, Cazzuffi D and Koerner RM (2008). Long term
performance and lifetime prediction og geosynthetics. Proceedings 4th European Regional Geosynthetics Conference, Edinburgh, UK (CD-ROM).
Peggs ID (2003). Geomembrane liner durability:
Contributing factors and the status quo. Proceedings 1st UK National Geosynthetics Symposium, Nottingham, UK, pp.1-26.
MoE (1998). Landfill standards: a guideline on the regulatory and approval requirements for the new or expanding landfill sites. Ontario Ministry of Environment, Ontario Regulation 232/98, Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
Rowe RK (2009a). Systems engineering the design and operations of municipal solid waste landfills to minimise leakage of contaminants to groundwater, 3rd Zeng Gou-Xi Lecture, Zhejiang University, and Keynote lecture at the International Symposium on Geoenvironmental
Engineering, Hangzhou, China, September 2009, pp. 3–18. Rowe RK (2009b). Long-term performance of leachate collections systems and geomembrane liners for MSW landfills, Keynote lecture, GeoAfrica 2009, Capetown, September 2009.
Rowe RK and Islam MZ (2009). Impact of landfill liner temperature history on the service life of HDPE geomembranes. Waste Management 29(10), pp.2689- 2699.
Rowe RK, Islam MZ and Hsuan YG (2010). Effect of thickness on the aging of HDPE geoembranes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136 (2), pp. 299-309.
Seeger S and Muller W (1996). Limits of stress and strain: Design criteria for protective layers for geomembranes in landfill liner systems. Proceedings 1st European
Geosynthetics Conference, Maastricht, The Netherlands, pp. 153-157.
Scheirs J (2009). A guide to polymeric geomembranes: A practical approach. Wiley
Tognon AR, Rowe RK and Moore ID (2000). Geomembrane strain observed in large scale testing of protection layers. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering 126(12): 1194-1208.
US EPA (2003). Criteria for municipal solid waste landfills-40CFR 258-1, Vol. 22, section 258.40
Yesiller N, Hanson JL and Liu WL (2005). Heat generation in municipal solid waste landfills. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131 (11), pp. 1330-1344. Zanzinger H and Gartung E (2002). Landfills.
Geosynthetics and their applications, SJ Shukla (ed), Thomas Telford.
D7.1 Further reading
Rowe RK, Quigley RM, Brachman RWI and Booker JR (2004). Barrier systems for waste disposal facilities. Spon Press.
Muller W (2007). HDPE geomembranes in geotechnics. Springer.
Daniel DE and Koerner RM (2007). Waste containment facilities. Guidance for CQA and CQC of liner and cover systems. ASCE Press.
Siting, design, operation and rehabilitation of landfills
92
Rowe RK (2005). Long-term performance of contaminant barrier systems. 45th Rankine Lecture, Geotechnique, 55(9), pp.631-678.
Scheirs J (2009). A guide to polymeric geomembranes: A practical approach. Wiley
Bouazza A and Bowders JJ (2010). Geosynthetic clay liners for waste containment facilities. CRC
Press/Balkema.
D.8 Addendum A (Standard Test Methods)
A list of commonly ASTM standards and GRI test specifications used in geomembrane liner design is given below for guidance. This list is not exhaustive; onus is on the project engineer, CQA consultant, Contractor and environmental authority to establish the list of standards needed for a given project.
D8.1 ASTM Standards
• ASTM D883. Standard terminology relating to plastics. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• ASTM D792. Standard test method for density and specific gravity (relative density) of plastics by displacement. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA • ASTM D1004. Standard test method for initial tear
resistance of plastic film and sheeting. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D1238. Standard test method for flow rates of thermoplastics by extrusion plastometer. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D1505. Standard test method for density of plastics by the density-gradient technique. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D1603. Standard test method for Carbon Black Content in Olefin Plastics. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D3895. Standard test method for oxidative- induction time of polyolefins by differential scanning calorimetry. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA • ASTM D4218. Standard test method for determination
of carbon black content in polyethylene Compounds by the muffle-furnace technique. ASTM, West
Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D4833. Standard test method for index puncture resistance of geotextiles, geomembranes, and related products. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5321. Standard test method for determining the coefficient of soil and geosynthetic or
geosynthetic and geosynthetic friction by the direct shear method. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA • ASTM D5596. Standard test method for microscopic
evaluation of the dispersion of carbon black in
polyolefin geosynthetics. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5397. Standard test method for evaluation of stress crack resistance of polyolefin geomembranes using notched constant tensile load test. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5617. Standard test method for multi-axial tension test for geosynthetics. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5641. Practice for geomembrane seam evaluation by vacuum chamber. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5721. Standard test method for air-oven aging of polyolefin geomembranes. ASTM, West
Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5820. Practice for pressurised air channel evaluation of dual seamed geomembranes. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA
• ASTM D5885. Standard test method for oxidative induction time of polyolefin geosynthetics by high- pressure differential scanning calorimetry. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D5994. Standard test method for measuring core thickness of textured geomembrane. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D6392. Standard test method for determining the integrity of nonreinforced geomembrane seams produced using thermo-fusion methods. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA
• ASTM D6497. Standard test method for Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or Structures. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA • ASTM D6693. Standard test method for determining
tensile properties of nonreinforced polyethylene and nonreinforced flexible polypropylene geomembranes. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
• ASTM D7466. Standard test method for measuring the asperity height of textured geomembranes. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
D8.2 Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) test
methods specifications
• GRI Test Method Geomembrane 13. Standard specification for test methods, test properties and testing frequency for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Smooth and Textured Geomembranes. Revision 9: June 1, 2009, Geosynthetic Research Institute, Folsom, PA, USA.
• GRI Test Method Geomembrane 17. Standard specification for test methods, test properties and testing frequency for linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) smooth and textured geomembranes. Revision 6: June 1, 2009, Geosynthetic Research Institute, Folsom, PA, USA.