Sucedáneos:

#NVJQWIJ VJG FGTKXCVKQPU QH WPFGT GUVKOCVGU CPF QXGT GUVKOCVGU QH EQUVU 'SWCVKQPU CPF FKF PQV VCMG UVCEM RTWPKPI KPVQ CEEQWPV RTWPKPI KU GUUGPVKCN HQT VJGUG CNIQ TKVJOU VQ DG HGCUKDNG = ? 9JGP GPVTKGU CTG RTWPGF HTQO VJG UVCEM 'SWCVKQP KU UVKNN C XCNKF WPFGT GUVKOCVG DWV 'SWCVKQP KU PQ NQPIGT C XCNKF QXGT GUVKOCVG +V KU JQYGXGT C XCNKF QXGT GUVKOCVG HQT VJG UWDNCVVKEG QH VJG QTKIKPCN NCVVKEG VJCV EQWNF DG EQPUVTWEVGF D[ EQORNGVKQP QH VJG RCTVKCN J[RQVJGUGU KP VJG RTWPGF UVCEM 6JGTG HQTG KP VJG UGCTEJ CNIQTKVJOU CDQXG YG ECP CV DGUV JQRG VQ ſPF VJG QRVKOCN UQNWVKQP YKVJKP VJKU UWDNCVVKEG

6JG UKPING UVCEM UGCTEJ 5GEVKQP CPF VJG RTGſZ VTGG UGCTEJ 5GEVKQP JCXG VJG FKUCFXCPVCIG VJCV VJG EQUVU QH RCTVKCN J[RQVJGUGU QH FKHHGTGPV NGPIVJU CTG EQORCTGF 6JKU KU CEEGRVCDNG WPFGT VJG UGCTEJ HQTOWNCVKQP DWV KU PQV C IQQF EQORCT KUQP HQT WUG KP RTWPKPI UKPEG KV HCXQTU UJQTV J[RQVJGUGU 6JWU KV OC[ DG UWDQRVKOCN VQ RTWPG ECPFKFCVGU DCUGF QP VJGKT EQUV KP VJG UKPING UVCEM +P CP CVVGORV VQ CXQKF VJKU YG WUG C OWNVKUVCEM KORNGOGPVCVKQP YJKEJ KU C HCKTN[ UKORNG GZVGPUKQP QH VJG RTGſZ VTGG UGCTEJ VJCV OCKPVCKPU C UGRCTCVG UVCEM HQT GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU NGPIVJ 6JKU OWNVK UVCEM QTICPK\CVKQP JCU DGGP HQWPF VQ JCXG DGVVGT RTWPKPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU KP RTCEVKEG +V KU VJKU OWNVKUVCEM RTGſZ VTGG

UGCTEJ VJCV YG TGRQTV VJG TGUWNVU QP 2.2.3.6 Loss Functions Other than Levenshtein Distance (TQO VJG

UGCTEJ HQTOWNCVKQP QH 5GEVKQP KV KU ENGCT VJCV VJG HGCUKDKNKV[ QH VJG UGCTEJ FGRGPFU QP VJG CDKNKV[ VQ EQORWVG VJG VYQ EQUV HWPEVKQPU 'SWCVKQPU CPF VJCV RTQXKFG NQYGT CPF WRRGT DQWPFU QP VJG GZRGEVGF NQUU 1PG UWEJ RCKT QH EQUV HWPEVKQPU KU RTQXKFGF HQT VJG .GXGPUJVGKP NQUU HWPEVKQP KP 'SWCVKQPU CPF +V ECP DG UGGP HTQO VJG FGTKXCVKQP QH VJG WPFGT GUVKOCVG EQUV QH 'SWC VKQP VJCV KV KU FKTGEVN[ IGPGTCNK\CDNG VQ CP[ CTDKVTCT[ NQUU HWPEVKQP KH VJG GHſEKGPV EQORWVCVKQP QH VJG RTGſZ EQORCTKUQP EQUV HQT VJCV NQUU HWPEVKQP KU RQUUKDNG 6JG EQORWVCVKQP QH CP QXGT GUVKOCVG EQUV PGGFU VQ DG CFFTGUUGF QP C ECUG D[ ECUG DCUKU

2.3

Segmental MBR Procedures

9G PQY FKUEWUU /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP UVTCVGIKGU VJCV TGFWEG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN TGEQIPKVKQP KPVQ C UGSWGPEG QH UKORNGT /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP RTQDNGOU 6JG NCVVKEGU QT 0DGUV NKUVU WUGF CU J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXKFGPEG URCEGU CTG UGIOGPVGF KPVQ UGVU QH YQTFU CPF UJQTV RJTCUGU YJKEJ HQTO KPFKXKFWCN TGEQIPKVKQP RTQDNGOU VJCV CTG CVVCEMGF UGRCTCVGN[ 6JG UQNWVKQPU QH VJGUG UOCNNGT RTQDNGOU CTG VJGP LQKPGF VQ RTQFWEG C UKPING /$4 J[RQVJ GUKU HQT VJG GPVKTG WVVGTCPEG

6JKU UGIOGPVCN /$4 5/$4 TGEQIPKVKQP UVTCVGI[ JCU UGXGTCN CFXCPVCIGU TGNCVKXG VQ WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 6JG UGIOGPVCVKQP ECP DG RGTHQTOGF VQ KFGPVKH[high con- fidence regionsYKVJKP VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG RTQFWEGF D[ VJG ſTUVRCUU #54 U[UVGO 9KVJKP VJGUG TGIKQPU VJG #54 U[UVGO YCU CDNG VQ RTQFWEG TGNKCDNG YQTF J[RQVJGUGU 5/$4 VJGP HQEWUGU QP VJGlow confidence regionsKP YJKEJ VJG ſTUVRCUU U[UVGO HCKNGF VQ RTQFWEG C J[RQVJGUKU YKVJ EQPſFGPEG 6JG XCNWG QH VJKU KU VJCV UGCTEJ URCEG KU GZRCPFGF YJGTG VJG ſTUVRCUU U[UVGO FKF PQV RGTHQTO YGNN CPF EQPVTCEVGF YJGTG VJG KPKVKCN J[RQVJGUKU KU CFGSWCVG 9G PQY RTGUGPV C IGPGTCN HQTOWNCVKQP QH VJGUG 5/$4 RTQEGFWTGU CHVGT YJKEJ UGXGTCN URGEKſE XCTKCPVU YKNN DG FGUETKDGF

9G ſTUV FGUETKDG VJG UGIOGPVCVKQP RTQEGUU .GV

DG CP GXKFGPEG UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG VJCV WPKSWGN[ UGIOGPVU GCEJ YQTF UVTKPI KPÏ

KPVQ

UWDUVTKPIU QH \GTQ QT OQTG YQTFU #RRN[KPI

VQ Ï

IGPGTCVGUsegment sets Ï

6JGUG UGIOGPV UGVU EQPUKUV QH UWDUVTKPIU HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN GXKFGPEG URCEG

FGPQVGU VJG

UGIOGPV QH VJG YQTF UGSWGPEG KG +P C UKOKNCT YC[ NGV

DG C J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG EQWRNGF YKVJ

WPKSWGN[ FKXKFGU GCEJ UVTKPI KP VJG J[RQVJGUKU URCEG Ï

KPVQ UGIOGPVU CPF ¼ FGPQVGU VJG UGIOGPV QH VJG J[RQVJGUKU ¼ 6JG EQPUVTCKPV QP KU VJCV KV OWUV JCXG Cconjunction rule

HQT EQPECVGPCVKPI UVTKPIU HTQO UGIOGPV UGVU Ï

6JG EQPLWPEVKQP TWNG OWUV DG UWEJ VJCV YJGP ¼ KU UGIOGPVGF CRRN[KPI VQ VJG UGIOGPVU TGRTQFWEGU ¼

6Q UWOOCTK\G JQY VJG UGIOGPVCVKQP CPF EQPLWPEVKQP RTQEGUU YKNN DG WUGF KP FGEQF KPI VJG J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG YKNN DG WUGF VQ FGſPG J[RQVJGUKU UGVU

# UKPING J[RQVJGUKU

¼ YKNN DG EJQUGP HTQO GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPV UGV DCUGF QP VJG EQTTGURQPFKPI GXKFGPEG UGIOGPV UGV

6JG EQPLWPEVKQP TWNG YKNN DG VJGP WUGF VQ RTQFWEG C UKPING WVVGTCPEG NGXGN J[RQVJGUKU

¼ ¼ ¼ HTQO VJG KPFKXKFWCN UGIOGPV J[RQVJGUGU +V KU YQTVJ PQVKPI VJCV VJKU RTQEGUU QH UGIOGP VKQP CPF EQPLWPEVKQP OC[ KP HCEV GPNCTIG VJG QTKIKPCN J[RQVJGUKU URCEG D[ KPVTQFWEKPI PGY J[RQVJGUGU EQPUVTWEVGF HTQO UWDUVTKPIU VCMGP HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN J[RQVJGUGU 6JG GPNCTIGF URCEG KU CFQRVGF KP RNCEG QH VJG QTKIKPCN J[RQVJGUKU URCEG

9G PQY FGUETKDG JQY VJG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 RTQDNGO ECP DG TGFWEGF VQ KPFKXKFWCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP RTQDNGOU 6JKU HQNNQYU HTQO VJG HQNNQYKPI CUUWORVKQP EQPEGTPKPI VJG UGPUKVKXKV[ QH VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG UGIOGPVCVKQP QH VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXKFGPEG URCEGU #UUWOG VJCV VJG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN NQUU ECP DG HQWPF HTQO VJG NQUUGU QXGT VJG UGIOGPV UGVU CU

¼ ¼ YJGTG KU C NQUU HWPEVKQP FGſPGF QP VJG

UGIOGPV UGV +P GHHGEV YG CUUWOG VJCV GXGP VJQWIJ UGIOGPVCVKQP KPVTQFWEGU EQPUVTCKPVU KP VJG CNKIPOGPV DGVYGGP UG SWGPEGU VJG QXGTCNN NQUU HWPEVKQP KU PQV CHHGEVGF

9G ECP PQY UVCVG VJG HQNNQYKPI RTQRQUKVKQP YJKEJ HQNNQYU FKTGEVN[ D[ VJG UWDUVKVWVKQP QH 'SWCVKQP KPVQ 'SWCVKQP

Proposition.#P WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 TGEQIPK\GT QH 'SWCVKQP ECP DG KORNGOGPVGF CU C EQPECVGPCVKQP QH/$4 TGEQIPK\GTU =? Æ Æ YJGTG Æ ¼ ¾Ï ¾Ï ¼ CPF KU VJG OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ QXGT VJG

GXKFGPEG UGIOGPV UGV

¾Ï

6JGTGHQTG WPFGT VJG CUUWORVKQP QH 'SWCVKQP WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP DGEQOGU C UGSWGPEG QH UOCNNGT /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP RTQDNGOU

9G PQVG VJCV YJKNG VJG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 TGEQIPK\GT KU KORNGOGPVGF CU C UGSWGPEG QH UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPK\GTU VJG CEQWUVKE FCVC KU PQV UGIOGPVGF CV CNN #NN GXK FGPEG QTKIKPCNN[ CXCKNCDNG KU WUGF VQ EQORWVG VJG OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKVKGU

#NUQ PQVG VJCV VJGTG KU PQ CUUWORVKQP QH NKPIWKUVKE KPFGRGPFGPEG DGVYGGP YQTF UVTKPIU DGNQPIKPI VQ CFLCEGPV GXKFGPEG UGIOGPV UGVU VJG NCPIWCIG OQFGN URCPU UGIOGPVU CPF EQWNF GXGP DG CRRNKGF CV VJG GPVKTG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN

+P RTCEVKEG KV OC[ DG FKHſEWNV VQ UGIOGPV VJG GXKFGPEG CPF J[RQVJGUKU URCEGU UQ VJCV VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP FKUVTKDWVGU CEEQTFKPI VQ 'SWCVKQP *QYGXGT IKXGP CP[ UGIOGPVCVKQP YG ECP KFGPVKH[ CP CUUQEKCVGF WVVGTCPEG NGXGNinducedNQUU HWPEVKQP FGſPGF CU ¼ ¼

%NGCTN[ VJG UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPK\GTU CTG GSWKXCNGPV VQ CP WVVGTCPEG NGXGN /$4 TGEQIPK\GT WPFGT VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP

6JG QXGTCNN RGTHQTOCPEG WPFGT VJG FGUKTGF NQUU HWPEVKQPUJQWNF FGRGPF QP JQY YGNN

CRRTQZKOCVGU

2.3.1

Segmental Voting

# URGEKCN ECUG QH VJG UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP CTKUGU WPFGT EGTVCKP EQPFKVKQPU 5WRRQUG GCEJ GXKFGPEG UGIOGPV UGV EQPVCKPU CV OQUV QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ GXKFGPEG YQTF UVTKPI GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPV UGV EQPVCKPU CV OQUV QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ J[ RQVJGUKU YQTF UVTKPI CPF VJGTG KU C NQUU HWPEVKQP 'SWCVKQP QP UGIOGPV UGVU 7PFGT VJGUG EQPFKVKQPU VJG UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPK\GT QH 'SWCVKQP DGEQOGU

Æ ¼ ¾Ï ¼ YJGTG ¼ KU FGſPGF KP C OCPPGT UKOKNCT VQ VJCV QH 'SWCVKQP

'SWCVKQP KU PQPG QVJGT VJCP VJG OCZKOWO CRQUVGTKQTK RTQDCDKNKV[ FGEKUKQP QP GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPV UGV HQT GCEJ J[RQVJGUKU YQTF C OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU EQORWVGF DCUGF QP VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG 6JG YQTF YKVJ JKIJGUV OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU VJGP UGNGEVGF 6JKU KU VJG RTQEGFWTG QH UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN KPFWEGF NQUU 'SWCVKQP HQT UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI ECP DG YTKVVGP CU UGIXQVG ¼ ¼

#U KU VJG ECUG YKVJ UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI KU GHHGEVKXG KH

 KU C IQQF CRRTQZKOCVKQP VQ VJG NQUU VJCV YG CTG VT[KPI VQ OKPKOK\G 5GIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP FQGU PQV URGEKH[ JQY VQ ſPF VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXK FGPEG UGIOGPV UGV UGIOGPVCVKQP RTQEGFWTGU

CPF

KV QPN[ URGEKſGU VJG EQP UVTCKPVU VJCV VJGUG RTQEGFWTGU OWUV QDG[ 6JG EQPUVTWEVKQP QH UGIOGPV UGVU VJGTGHQTG TGOCKPU C FGUKIP RTQDNGO VQ DG CFFTGUUGF KP CP CRRNKECVKQP URGEKſE OCPPGT 9G YKNN PQY FGUETKDG VYQ XGTUKQPU QH UGIOGPVCN /$4 TGEQIPKVKQP WUGF KP UVCVGQHVJGCTV

#54 U[UVGOU $QVJ VJGUG RTQEGFWTGU CVVGORV VQ TGFWEG VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVG 9'4 CPF VJWU CTG DCUGF QP VJG .GXGPUJVGKP NQUU HWPEVKQP =?

2.3.2

ROVER

4GEQIPK\GT QWVRWV XQVKPI HQT GTTQT TGFWEVKQP 418'4 KU CP 0DGUV NKUV UGIOGPVCN XQVKPI RTQEGFWTG +V EQODKPGU VJG J[RQVJGUGU HTQO OWNVKRNG KPFGRGPFGPV TGEQIPK\GTU WPFGT VJG .GXGPUJVGKP NQUU +P KVU QTKIKPCN HQTOWNCVKQP =? GCEJ QH VJGUG QWVRWVU EQPUKUVU QH C UKPING YQTF UVTKPI CPF C YQTF NGXGN EQPſFGPEG UEQTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ GCEJ YQTF KP VJCV UVTKPI 2TQEGFWTGU HQT EQODKPKPI 0DGUVU NKUVU HTQO GCEJ U[UVGO JCXG UKPEG DGGP FGXGNQRGF = ?

.GV

DG 0DGUV NKUVU RTQFWEGF D[ TGEQIPKVKQP U[UVGOU KP TG URQPUG VQ CEQWUVKEU CPF NGV

DG VJG RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQP CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ

.GV

FGPQVG VJG WPKQP QH VJGUG 0DGUV NKUVU # RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQP QP YQTF UVTKPIU KP

KU FGTKXGF D[ ſTUV GZVGPFKPI GCEJ

VQ CUUKIP \GTQ RTQDCDKNKV[ VQ YQTF UVTKPIU KP

VJCV CTG PQV RTGUGPV KP

CPF VJGP VCMKPI C EQPXGZ EQODKPCVKQP

6JG UGV CPF

CTG VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG CPF VJG GXKFGPEG FKUVTKDWVKQP WUGF D[ 418'4Ý

6JG YQTF UVTKPIU QH

CTG CTTCPIGF KP C YQTF VTCPUKVKQP PGVYQTM 960 VJCV TGR TGUGPVU CP CRRTQZKOCVGsimultaneous alignmentQH VJGUG J[RQVJGUGU +V KU IGPGTCVGF D[ RKEMKPI VQR VYQ J[RQVJGUGU CNKIPKPI VJGO VQ RTQFWEG CP KPKVKCN 960 CPF VJGP KVGTCVKXGN[ CFFKPI GCEJ PGY J[RQVJGUKU D[ CNKIPKPI KV YKVJ VJG 960 EQPUVTWEVGF UQ HCT #P GZCORNG 960 RTQFWEGF D[ CNKIPKPI

ő1* 9'.. 9'Œ ő1 9'.. 9'ŏ4'Œ ő9'.. 9' 9'ŏ4'Œ

KU IKXGP KP(KIWTG # UGV QH YQTFU VJCV CNKIP YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT KU ECNNGF Ccorre- spondence set

6JG 960 VTKXKCNN[ URGEKſGU CP GXKFGPEG UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG HQT YQTF UVTKPIU QH

6JG J[RQVJGUKU URCEG QH 418'4 KU VJG UGV QH CNN VJG YQTF UVTKPIU VJCV ECP DG RTQFWEGF D[ RKEMKPI QPG YQTF HTQO GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV CPF EQPECVGPCVKPI VJGO 6JGTGHQTG VJG J[RQVJGUKU UGIOGPVCVKQP TWNG CPF VJG EQPLWPEVKQP TWNG

CTG CNUQ VTKXKCNN[ URGEKſGF D[ VJG 960 *CXKPI UGIOGPVGF VJG GXKFGPEG CPF J[RQVJG UKU URCEGU C OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU EQORWVGF HQT GCEJ YQTF KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV CEEQTFKPI VQ 'SWCVKQP CPF VJG YQTF YKVJ VJG NCTIGUV OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU EJQUGP HTQO GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV 6JGUG YQTFU CTG EQPECVGPCVGF VQ HQTO VJG ſPCN QWVRWV QH 418'4

Ý418'4 QTKIKPCNN[ KPEQTRQTCVGF C YQTF NGXGN EQPſFGPEG UEQTG KPUVGCF QH

CU KP 'SWCVKQP

9'ŏ4' 1* 1 07.. 9'.. 9'ŏ4' 9' 07.. FIGURE 2.2

An example word transition network.

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN KPFWEGF NQUU 'SWCVKQP KP 418'4 KU FGTKXGF HTQO 'SWC VKQP YJGTG VJG UWO KU QXGT VJG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU

¼ ¼

6JKU NQUU KU UKOKNCT VQ VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP UVTKPIUCPF

¼YJGP VJGKT CNKIPOGPV KU URGEKſGF D[ VJG 960 5KPEG VJG 960 EQPUVTWEVKQP RTQEGUU CFFU GCEJ PGY YQTF UVTKPI VQ VJG 960 UQ CU VQ OKPKOK\G VJG CNKIPOGPV EQUV DGVYGGP VJCV UVTKPI CPF VJG 960 YG EQWNF GZRGEV ¼ VQ CRRTQZKOCVG VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG DGVYGGP CPF ¼

2.3.3

e-ROVER

6JG UKOWNVCPGQWU CNKIPOGPV RTQFWEGF KP 418'4 OC[ UQOGVKOGU DG UWDQRVKOCN HQT UQOG GXKFGPEG J[RQVJGUGU RCKTU 6JG PCVWTCN TGOGF[ KU VQ CNNQY OWNVKRNG EQPUGEW VKXG YQTFU KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV %QPUKFGTKPI VJG UGCTEJ HQT UGIOGPV UGVU CU C ENWUVGTKPI RTQDNGO VJGTG CTG VYQ FKHHGTGPV CRRTQCEJGU VJCV EQWNF DG VCMGP 9G EQWNF VCMG C ŎVQRFQYPŏ CRRTQCEJ VJCV UVCTVU YKVJ C UKPING EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV VJCV EQPVCKPU CP GPVKTG 0DGUV NKUV CPF UGIOGPVU KV KPVQ UGVU VJCV EQPVCKP UJQTVGT YQTF UVTKPIU #NVGT PCVKXGN[ YG EQWNF VCMG C ŎDQVVQOWRŏ CRRTQCEJ YJGTG YG ſTUV EQPUVTWEV C 960 VJCV EQPVCKPU PQ OQTG VJCP QPG EQPUGEWVKXG YQTF KP GCEJ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGV 9G EQWNF VJGP LQKP EQPUGEWVKXG UGVU VQ QDVCKP UGVU YKVJ NQPIGT YQTF UVTKPIU 6JG RTQEGFWTG QH GZVGPFGF418'4 G418'4 UVCTVU YKVJ VJG 418'4 960 CPF VCMGU VJG NCVVGT DQVVQOWR CRRTQCEJ

6JG RTQEGUU QHjoiningVYQ EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU [KGNFU QPGexpandedUGV VJCV EQP VCKPU CNN VJG RCVJU HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN RCKT QH EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU 6JKU KU ITCRJKECNN[ KNNWUVTCVGF KP(KIWTG

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN NQUU HWPEVKQP QH G418'4 KU IKXGP CU HQNNQYU 5VCTVKPI HTQO VJG KPKVKCN 960 NGV VYQ EQPUGEWVKXG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU UC[ UGVU CPF DG LQKPGF CPF NGV VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP VJG GZRCPFGF UGV DG VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG 6JG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU VJCV FKF PQV GZRCPF TGOCKPU VJG NQUU

07.. 9'ŏ4'9'ŏ4' 9'9'ŏ4' 1* 1 07.. 9'.. 9'ŏ4' 9' 1* 1 07.. 9'.. 9'ŏ4' 9' 9'ŏ4' FIGURE 2.3

Joining two correspondence sets.

6JG WVVGTCPEG NGXGN NQUU KU VJGP ¼ *GTG CPF ¼

CTG YQTF UWDUGSWGPEGU HTQO VJG LQKPGF UGIOGPV UGVU +V HQNNQYU HTQO VJG FGſPKVKQP QH .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG VJCV

6JKU HQNNQYU DGECWUG VJG G418'4 CNKIPOGPVU YKNN GXGPVWCNN[ CEJKGXG VJG .GXGP UJVGKP CNKIPOGPV CU VJG CNKIPOGPV EQPUVTCKPVU CTG TGFWEGF

6JG LQKPKPI RTQEGFWTG ECP DG ECTTKGF QWV OCP[ VKOGU VQ [KGNF UWEEGUUKXGN[ DGVVGT CRRTQZKOCVKQPU VQ VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG 6JG 960 QDVCKPGF CHVGT GCEJ LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP URGEKſGU C PGY UGIOGPVCVKQP QH VJG GXKFGPEG CPF J[RQVJGUKU URCEGU +P EQORCTKPI G418'4 VQ 418'4 KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV QPN[ VJGsegmentation QH VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF GXKFGPEG URCEGU EJCPIGU YKVJ LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP VJG CEVWCN URCEGU TGOCKP VJG UCOG CU VJG[ YGTG KP 418'4

6JGTG CTG VYQ EQPUGSWGPEGU QH LQKPKPI EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU (KTUV CHVGT VJG LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQP VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP QP VJG GZRCPFGF UGV KU PQ NQPIGT VJG NQUU DWV KU KPUVGCF VJG .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG *GPEG VJG /$4 J[RQVJGUKU UGNGEVKQP QP VJKU UGV PGGFU VQ HQNNQY 'SWCVKQP 5GEQPF VJG UK\G QH VJG GZRCPFGF UGV ITQYU GZRQPGPVKCNN[ YKVJ VJG PWODGT QH LQKPKPI QRGTCVKQPU OCMKPI 'SWCVKQP RTQITGUUKXGN[ FKHſEWNV VQ KORNGOGPV +V KU VJGTGHQTG KORQTVCPV VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG UGVU VQ DG LQKPGF ECTGHWNN[ UQ CU VQ [KGNF OCZKOWO ICKP KP .GXGPUJVGKP FKUVCPEG CRRTQZKOCVKQP YKVJ OKPKOWO EQODKPCVKQPU QH VJG EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU # JGWTKUVKE RTQEGFWTG HQT LQKPKPI UGVU =? KU DCUGF QP ſTUV KFGPVKH[KPI EQTTGURQPFGPEG UGVU KP YJKEJ VJG NCTIGUV XCNWG QH VJG

OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ 'SWCVKQP KU DGNQY C VJTGUJQNF 'CEJ EQPUGEWVKXG UVTGVEJ QH UWEJ UGVU KU LQKPGF VQ HQTO QPG GZRCPFGF UGV 5GVU KP YJKEJ VJG NCTIGUV XCNWG QH VJG OCTIKPCN RTQDCDKNKV[ KU CDQXG VJG VJTGUJQNF CTG MGRV ŎRKPEJGFŏ VJG[ CTG PQV LQKPGF YKVJ CP[ QVJGT UGV (QT FGVCKNU QH VJKU RTQEGFWTG TGCFGTU CTG TGHGTTGF VQ )QGN GV CN =? #U PQVGF CDQXG VJG J[RQVJGUKU CPF VJG GXKFGPEG URCEGU KP G418'4 CTG KFGPVKECN VQ VJQUG KP 418'4 *QYGXGT VJG NQUU HWPEVKQP KP G418'4 RTQXKFGU C DGVVGT CR RTQZKOCVKQP VQ VJG YQTF GTTQT TCVG VJCP 418'4 5KPEG VJG[ CTG DQVJ KPUVCPVKCVKQPU QH 'SWCVKQP G418'4 YQWNF DG GZRGEVGF KP VJGQT[ VQ [KGNF C NQYGT YQTF GTTQT TCVG VJCP 418'4

2.4

Experimental Results

6JG OKPKOWO $C[GUTKUM RTQEGFWTGU [KGNF C VJGQTGVKECNN[ NQYGT GZRGEVGF GTTQT TCVG VJCP VJG /#2 TGEQIPK\GT *QYGXGT VJGKT RTCEVKECN OGTKV ECP QPN[ DG ICWIGF KP TGCN ENCUUKſECVKQP VCUMU +P VJKU UGEVKQP YG RTGUGPV GZRGTKOGPVU VJCV EQORCTG /$4 CPF UGIOGPVCN /$4 RTQEGFWTGU YKVJ /#2 TGEQIPKVKQP CPF YKVJ GCEJ QVJGT

9G ſTUV CFFTGUU C RTCEVKECN RTQDNGO CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ KPEQTRQTCVKQP QH VJG *// CPF /CTMQX EJCKP OQFGNU KPVQ VJG OKPKOWOTKUM UGCTEJ RTQEGFWTGU FGUETKDGF CDQXG

2.4.1

Parameter Tuning within the MBR Classification Rule

6JG LQKPV FKUVTKDWVKQP VQ DG WUGF KP VJG /$4 TGEQIPK\GTU KU FGTKXGF D[ EQODKPKPI RTQDCDKNKVKGU HTQO CEQWUVKE CPF NCPIWCIG OQFGNU +V KU QHVGP HQWPF WUGHWN KP RTCEVKEG VQ KPVTQFWEG UQOG VWPKPI RCTCOGVGTU VQ JGNR OCVEJ VJGUG OQFGNU DGVVGT +P VJG HQNNQYKPI YG FKUEWUU C RCTCOGVGTK\CVKQP QHVJCV KU UWKVCDNG HQT WUG KP /$4 TGEQIPK\GTU 9G VJGP RTGUGPV UVTCVGIKGU VQ QRVKOK\G VJGUG RCTCOGVGTU YKVJKP VJG /$4 ENCUUKſECVKQP TWNG

+V KU EWUVQOCT[ KP #54 VQ WUG VYQ VWPKPI RCTCOGVGTU KP VJG EQORWVCVKQP QH LQKPV RTQDCDKNKV[

YJGTGKU VJG PWODGT QH YQTFU KP YQTF UVTKPI 6JG RCTCOGVGT WUWCNN[ C PGICVKXG EQPUVCPV ECWUGU C FGETGCUG QH RTQDCDKNKV[ YKVJ KPETGCUKPI (QT VJKU TGCUQP KV KU ECNNGFword insertion penalty 6JG QVJGT RCTCOGVGTUECNGU VJG NCPIWCIG OQFGN RTQDCDKNKV[ TGNCVKXG VQ VJG CEQWUVKE OQFGN RTQDCDKNKV[ KV KU VGTOGFlanguage model scale factor

9G JCXG HQWPF KV WUGHWN VQ KPVTQFWEG CP CFFKVKQPCNlikelihood scale factor=? ½ 6JG NKMGNKJQQF UECNG HCEVQT TGUVTKEVU VJG F[PCOKE TCPIG QH VJG RTQDCDKNKVKGU (QT GZCO RNG EQPUKFGT VJG DGUV NKUV QH6CDNG 6JGUG CTG VGP OQUV NKMGN[ YQTF UVTKPIU RTQ

TABLE 2.1

'ZCORNG VGP OQUV NKMGN[ J[RQVJGUGU CPF VJG RQUVGTKQT RTQDCDKNKV[ QH VJGUG J[RQVJGUGU WPFGT VYQ FKHHGTGPV RCTCOGVGTK\CVKQPU 'SWCVKQPU CPF QH VJG RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQP

CPF 5GPVGPEG + *#8' # 474#. #4'# ' + *#8' # 4'#. 474#. #4'# ' #.6*17)* +0 # 474#. #4'# ' + .+8' +0 # 474#. #4'# ' #.6*17)* +6 9+.. #4'# ' 51 + *#8' # 474#. #4'# ' *#8' # 474#. #4'# ' +ŏ/ # 474#. #4'# ' + *#8' # .+66.' 474#. #4'# ' + *#8' # 41.' #4'#

FWEGF D[ QWT #54 U[UVGO HQT CP WVVGTCPEG ő+ .+8' +0 # 474#. #4'#Œ 6JG NQI NKMGNKJQQFU

CNQPI YKVJ VJG RQUVGTKQT FKUVTKDWVKQPU EQORWVGF YKVJ CPF YKVJQWV VJG NKMGNKJQQF UECNG HCEVQT CTG UJQYP KP 6CDNG 6JG RQUVGTKQT FKU VTKDWVKQP

KU EQORWVGF D[ GZRQPGPVKCVKPI VJG NQINKMGNKJQQFU CPF VJGP PQTOCNK\KPI VJGO QXGT VJG VGPDGUV NKUV

(TQO 6CDNG KV ECP DG UGGP VJCV

KU JGCXKN[ YGKIJVGF VQYCTFU VJG OQUV NKMGN[ ECPFKFCVG QYKPI VQ C NCTIG XCTKCVKQP KP NQINKMGNKJQQF XCNWGU 6JKU NGCFU VQ C FGIGPGTCVKQP QH VJG GXKFGPEG URCEG +V KU RTGXGPVGF D[ VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH VJG NKMGNK JQQF UECNG HCEVQT YJKEJ ƀCVVGPU VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP CPF [KGNFU OQTG TGCUQPCDNG RQUVGTKQT RTQDCDKNKVKGU

# XCNWG QHKU WUGF KP QWT GZCORNG QH 6CDNG 2.4.1.1 Optimization of Likelihood Parameters

.GVÆ

DG VJG OKPKOWOTKUM TGEQIPK\GT 'SWCVKQP KPEQTRQTCVKPI VJG RCTCO GVGTK\GF FKUVTKDWVKQP