Sucesión de Pell y su sucesión compañera de Pell-Lucas

Our analysis on translations of SFM from the global to the Brazilian domestic level of governance was guided by the ‘pathways of influence of global complex governance on domestic policies’ by Bernstein and Cashore (2012) – international rules, international norms and discourses, markets, and direct access to policy making processes. Our results illustrate how these pathways are also shaped by domestic policy contexts that include social-ecological systems. More specifically, our analysis led us to identify international influences in three different domestic policy contexts: domestic policies related to international conventions;

the Brazilian New Forest code; and domestic policy articulations and programmes on the four major forest Brazilian biomes. For each domestic policy context, we showed how international influences follow certain pathways more than others. We identified how the pathways differently influence SFM translations in the three analysed domestic policy contexts and qualitatively assessed these as: [+] positive influence; [-] negative influence; [+/-] mixed influence; and [0] no influence. Table 6 visualises these results in a simplified manner.

First, we analysed SFM translations on the Brazilian policies linked to forest-related international conventions, more specifically the UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD. While in global governance we observe that SFM is a central strategy of using forest resources while aiming to maintain its related ecosystem services (Quine et al. 2013), we also observe that SFM plays different roles within these forest-related international conventions (Giessen 2013). These different roles are reproduced in translations of SFM to the Brazilian domestic level, as SFM takes on different meanings and applications in national policies on climate change, biodiversity, and desertification. This means that SFM is able to achieve a broad range of objectives on the national level. However, it also means that institutional fragmentation on the international level is being reproduced on the national level (Jóhannsdóttir et al. 2010).

Our analysis showed that the non-legally binding status of the NLBI correlates with a weak SFM translation on national policy. International norms and discourses associated with the NLBI and the Rio conventions did influence, positively or negatively, SFM translations in national policies on climate change, biodiversity, and desertification. However, the relative absence of international influences in Brazil’s major piece of forest policy, the Brazilian New Forest Code, shows the limited influence of international conventions or discourses alone (Jóhannsdóttir et al. 2010). Specifically, findings show that SFM translations on the New Forest Code are not influenced by any of the pathways considered in our analysis. International norms and discourse on SFM – such as those promoted by the NLBI – have not proven to be able to overcome Brazil’s domestic policy context in regulating the use and conservation of forest resources within the national territory (Eikermann 2015), as it was crowded out in a conflict between nature conservation and agribusiness discourse. We would expect that perhaps forest

certification schemes from international markets could have a positive influence on translations of SFM to a domestic level of governance. However, around 78% of the forest products remain in the domestic market, and of the timber that goes to international markets only 3% is certified under SFM plans (SFB and Imazon 2010). Accordingly, national agribusiness discourse has had a dominant voice in shaping the Forest Code (Kröger 2017).

When we consider the international influences in the context of domestic policies directly related to the analysed Brazilian biomes – Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga –, we can confirm that social-ecological context matters. International influences do not only lead to SFM translation on a generic national level, but more actively target specific social-ecological systems in the case of Brazil. Moreover, certain amounts of interplay between different pathways of influence become visible within these social-ecological contexts.

The Amazon biome, for instance, is the focus of many different international attempts to regulate forest conservation and management through conventions, discourses, and transnational actors (Medina et al. 2009; Nepstad et al. 2014), which results in a noticeable influence of all the pathways on SFM translations in this specific social-ecological context. For Caatinga biome, SFM translations are also influenced by all the pathways, but for different reasons. Here, high suitability of the ecological conditions for SFM, the historical types of forest uses, such as a source of energy (firewood and charcoal), and diverse attempts related to strategies to improve the social-ecological resilience of local communities livelihoods made SFM translations contributing to both biodiversity conservation and decreasing desertification vulnerability. While for the Amazon interplay of influences from international conservation discourses and timber markets results in a SFM translation that is focused on decreasing deforestation, the influence of transnational actors on translations of SFM is much more focused on local livelihoods. In Caatinga, we see multiple pathways re-enforcing another, with only international discourse linked to decreasing deforestation having negative influence on the translation of SFM.

(*) IND: International Norms and Discourses; IR: International Rules; M: Market; DAPM: Direct Access to Policy-making Processes / Elaborated by the authors.

Table 6. A Global complex governance pathways of influence on SFM translations in the Brazilian

For the Cerrado biome, domestic SFM translations are mainly shaped through the biomes importance for agribusiness discourse. This results in a weak translation of SFM, which is negatively reinforced by agribusiness-related markets, and by rules focused on decreasing deforestation. Finally, the Atlantic Forest biome leads to more translations of international rules and discourses of forest conservation than of discourses supporting SFM, as the former resonated better with a more degraded, urbanised, and industrialised social-ecological system than the latter. For these reasons, international conservation NGOs in Brazil are also predominantly engaged with conservation action and much less so with sustainable use.

The different ways in which domestic policy contexts shape international influences on SFM translations show that domestic contexts play an important role in translating rules, norms, and discourses from the global to the domestic level of governance. What is moreover relevant is that translations of SFM from the international to the domestic level of governance include complex human-environment relations that are expressed in competing discourses, specific policies, and actor networks (Adger et al. 2005), which vary according to the specific characteristics of different social-ecological systems (Ostrom and Cox 2010).

Policy dynamics not directly related to forest are key to understanding translations of global forest policy to the domestic level. Political dynamics linked to the Brazilian agribusiness sector, for instance, shape forest governance strongly and more so than other forest-related discourses, mainly due to its central role in the national development project. We argue that the starting point for analysing influences of global forest governance on domestic policy contexts needs to be an understanding of pre-existing policy dynamics, and the need to pay special attention to the complex human-environment relations that are expressed in discourses, policies, and actor networks. Finally, it is important to consider that different social-ecological systems within a country can play a central role in the shaping SFM translations on the domestic level, especially in countries such as Brazil where forest ecosystem services and its social, economic, and cultural values strongly vary within the national territory.

SUSTAINABLE FOREST