Técnica de procesamiento y análisis de datos:

CAPITULO III: HIPÓTESIS Y VARIABLES

4.6. Técnica de procesamiento y análisis de datos:

be viewed

from social,

economic, and

environmental

perspectives

appropriate). Progress at all levels should be monitored and evaluated in terms of these intermediate milestones.

Fourth, the target itself has four components, as depicted in greater detail in ﬁgure 3.1.

The current system for monitoring and evaluation

In 1990, at the end of the Water and Sanitation Decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) joined their efforts in monitoring the water supply and sanitation sector through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sani- tation.4_{The purpose of the JMP was to:}

• Monitor sector progress toward internationally established goals on access to water supply and sanitation.

• Monitor sector trends and programs.

• Build national sector monitoring capacity.

• Inform national and global policymakers on the status of the sector. Over the past decade, the JMP focused on monitoring access coverage at the global and regional levels. To that end, the JMP compiled coverage rates on water supply and sanitation using information provided primarily by water utilities and government sources. JMP sector assessment reports based on this methodology were issued in 1991, 1993, and 1996.

The latest JMP report, a midterm assessment of progress on meeting the water and sanitation target (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2004), provides a compre- hensive review of the water supply and sanitation sector in 2002, which repre- sents the halfway point between the target year of 2015 and the baseline year of 1990. It presents country-by-country coverage data, global and regional data, trends over the period 1990–2002, an examination of disparities in access, and projections to 2015.

The coverage estimates5_{provided in the JMP2004 come from user-based}

data derived from nationally representative household surveys6_{and censuses.}

This important shift in methodology away from using provider-based data in favor of evidence-based data began with the last JMP report in 2000. This Figure 3.1

Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation reach the neediest in urban and rural areas

��

The targets

should be

set (and

monitored) at

both global

and national

levels—

and even

subnational

levels

shift was made possible after the introduction of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) by UNICEF in 64 countries in 1995, and the MICS2 around 2000 in 67 countries. With these 131 MICS results, in addition to more than 150 Demographic and Health Surveys, or DHS surveys (which are funded by USAID and conducted by ORC-Macro) and data from national censuses now available, there is a large enough database to calculate coverage estimates using evidence-based data.

Why are the data derived from household surveys better than those supplied by governments and water utilities? In many cases, provider-supplied estimates are based on facilities constructed under their programs multiplied by an estimated number of users per facility. This means that facilities constructed by households themselves, nongovernmental organizations, or the private sector might not have been included. It also means that systems that have broken down or for other reasons are not being used might be counted. Urban and periurban slums, even those that are home to hundreds of thousands of people, are sometimes not counted in official government reports because of questions of tenure; access in such areas tends to be very poor, and when the people living there are not counted, a significant over-reporting of coverage can result. In addition, political, institutional, career, and other pressures can sometimes create incentives for suppliers to inflate the number of people reported to have access. Therefore, household-level information gathered through household surveys gives a better reflection of the real situation on the ground.

In response to monitoring the World Summit for Children goals, UNI- CEF greatly expanded its monitoring capacity. Through its country ofﬁces, UNICEF currently has a reporting system in place that tracks all surveys with relevance for child protection, survival, and development that are conducted at the national level (in addition to DHS and MICS, the scope includes health and nutrition surveys, reproductive health surveys, living standard measure- ment surveys, and the Gulf Family Health Survey, among others). When survey results are ofﬁcially produced, copies are sent to UNICEF headquarters, where the survey methodology and design are assessed and relevant data extracted.

UNICEF and ORC-Macro, responsible for the DHS surveys, have been coordinating their surveys for some years now. Yearly household surveys are likely to show change within the margin of error of the previous survey results. To avoid this, DHS and MICS aim to have at least three years between surveys. Thus, if a MICS survey has been conducted in 2001, a DHS survey will not be conducted in the same country until 2004 or later. This strategy maxi- mizes the scarce resources and limits survey fatigue among households, which is a possible confounding factor. UNICEF and ORC-Macro also cooperate in harmonization of survey questions and indicators.

The current JMP database contains water supply and sanitation coverage data from more than 350 national household surveys and censuses conducted throughout the developing world in the past 15 years. The widely used ﬁgures

The current

In document Factores de riesgo de pancreatitis aguda en gestantes y puérperas del “Hospital Jose Agurto Tello De Chosica” en los años 2015 a 2019 (página 44-70)