1. INTRODUCCIÓN
2.3 Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos
All work on this thesis was made in accordance to Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity’s codes of occupational ethics and the ethical principles of research in the humanities and social and behavioral sciences (National Advisory Board on Research Ethics 2009). All necessary research permits were acquired, filled and returned before receiving the data.
No personal contact was made with the individuals studied in this thesis. Therefore, no physical, mental or financial harm was inflicted. No violations were made on the privacy of the people studies in this thesis, and personal identity codes were removed before the data was acquired for use. The author therefore could not identify specific individuals from the data. Data protection was ensured by accessing the data on
55
private work stations only and naming the data obscurely wherever used. To ensure no further violations to data protection are made, all data in possession of the author will be deleted upon approval of the thesis.
9 Conclusion
Parental over-indebtedness can predict later life depression in both boys and girls when measured by antidepressant use. The connection persisted and remained significant after adjusting for parental education, parental depression and parental marital status. Over-indebtedness is often tied to having a lower socioeconomic standing and lower education. It also occurs more often among non-married mothers and to some extent among parents diagnosed with depression. Parental divorce also poses a risk and is more common among the over-indebted.
A stark contrast was observed in social assistance between the over-indebted and others, but obviously a long financial hardship warrants seeking social assistance. In other words, over-indebtedness is more common in already disadvantaged groups and exacerbates social disparity. By reducing economic and social resources in a childhood environment that may be necessary for upward social mobility, it could add to the intergenerational transmission of inequality. The interrelated nature of several factors and the cumulative effect thereof are difficult to grasp. Therefore at this stage it’s necessary to abstain from drawing radical causal conclusions. The issue needs to be studied further and more extensively.
56
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Appendix
Appendix 1. Background variable distribution for cohort members’ over-indebted mothers and others.
Mother indebted Mother not indebted
% %
3.6 96
(n=890) (n=58586) p Maternal highest educational attainment % n % n
Primary 55.5 494 15.3 8935 Secondary 40.0 356 45.3 26532 Lowest tertiary 3.0 27 23.4 13687 University 1.5 13 16.1 9432 Total 100 890 100 58586 < 0.001 Maternal SES in 1994
Upper level employee 2.8 24 14.2 8047
Lower level employee 26.5 229 51.4 29175
Manual worker 38.8 335 21.6 12262
Other 31.9 276 12.9 7320
Total 100 864 100 56804 < 0.001
Single parent mother in 1987
Single parent 19.2 171 5.0 2946
Not single parent 79.4 707 94.7 55470
Total 100 878 100 58416 < 0.001
Maternal marital status in 1987
Married 53.1 466 83.2 48586
Not married 46.9 412 16.8 9830
Total 100 878 100 58416 < 0.001
Periods of parental elongated social assistance, if single mother
No elongated periods 17.8 116 69.5 13390 1 period 7.7 50 9.0 1740 2-5 periods 28.1 183 13.1 2516 6-10 periods 17.5 114 5.1 981 Over 10 periods 31.0 188 3.4 649 Total 100 651 100 100 < 0.001
Maternal diagnosed mood disorder
Yes 10.7 95 6.6 3866
No 89.3 795 93.4 54720
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Appendix 2. Background variable distribution for cohort members’ over-indebted parents and others.
Father indebted Father not indebted
% %
2.5 97.5
(n=1505) (n=57971) p
Paternal highest educational attainment (2009) % n % n
Primary 49.4 744 24.1 13979 Secondary 41.7 627 43.5 25224 Lowest tertiary 5.7 86 14.0 8093 University 3.2 48 18.4 10675 Total 100 1505 100 57971 < 0.001 Paternal SES (2009)
Upper level employee 9.7 146 24.7 14287
Lower level employee 10.4 156 15.4 8946
Manual worker 51.8 779 40.8 23661
Other 18.4 277 11.6 6701
Total 100 1358 100 53595 < 0.001