CAPÍTULO IV: DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DE LAS TIC’S
4.3 DESCRIPCION DEL WHATSAPP
4.3.5 Términos de servicio
G
beautiful provided it respects the patina of age and use, and provided the methodolood maintenance makes a historical building, an art object, a person and even a carogy cooperates with the nature of materials. It is a continuing process which was described by William Morris in the Manifesto of the Society for Protection of Ancient Buildings published in 1877 with poetic simplification as "stave off decay by daily care".
It is worth remembering that annual maintenance was as essential feature of ver nacular architecture based on such sensitive materials as mud brick and plaster or thatch. Traditional maintenance practices such as lime washing or removal of paintwork and even lacquer on temples should be studied.
As Morris would have wished, we have moved from restoration to maintenance. Restoration involved major interventions with campaigns at widely spaced intervals which were expensive, often damaging, sometimes unjustified, but dramatic and some times attractive. They were inevitable followed by long periods of neglect. However, time, the fourth dimension in all conservation work, would show otherwise.
Maintenance is a process involving the minimum intervention at any one time, and it allows craft skills to be preserved by use, and craft training to be developed. If properly org anized, it is far less expensive in the long
run
than neglect. The level of maintenance required varies because it is a combination of the standard required by the users of the building, the minimum requirements of the building itself, and the availability of finance. The building's requirements depend in the first place on the climate in which it is situated, and the agents of decay to which it is subjected, which are generally by-products of the climate, but also due to intrinsic causes such as the nature of the materials of which the building is constructed, and the quality of the original workmanship. Bad repairs and past alterations or events such as floods, fires and earthquakes can all affect the condition of the building, making it more sensitive. External changes such as increased traffic vibra tions and atmospheric pollution also have a direct bearing on maintenance standards. It is worth noting that well maintained traditional buildings survived the 1979 Montenegro earthquake, whereas those that had received no maintenance collapsed when subjected to the same intensity of vibration.How do we develop a strategy for preventive maintenance? What is against it? To answer the second question first, the development of strategic maintenance for historic buildings requires professionals of high skill and cultural preparation, who must be paid.
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They save the building owner a lot of money in the long run
,
but in the short run, he onlysees
the cost of professional time, so he t hinks it is expensive.A strategy for preventative maintenance is based on inspections by properly training professionals, generally architects, carried out at regular intervals. The intervals and stand ard required depend on the climate, the construction of the building, and its environment.
It should be recog nized that due to their longevity, historic buildings have to withstand greater hazards from wind and rain Because of their irreplaceable value, fire precautions and lightning protection must be given high priority.
There are interesting schemes for regular inspections of Churches in Denmark and of private historic buildings in Holland, but my own experience is based on twenty five years work on a large number of medieval Churches in Norfolk, England under the In spection of Churches Measure 1955. In England, 18,000 Churches come under this scheme, which has been dramatically reduced the cost of maintenance to the minimum standard of wind and watertight. This standard should be interpreted in an intelligent but not too literal way. The success of this scheme is a confident answer to the first ques tion - what can be against such a scheme if it saves money, and preserves historical build ings. The scheme has an additional use now that State subsidies are available to Parish Churches that qualify by conducting regular inspections at five year intervals,
The key to the whole success of the operation is the inspection by a competent per son. To initiate the scheme, special short courses were arranged by the Institute for Ad vanced Architectural Studies in York, and now there are nearly 400 Architects and a few Surveyors with this specialist skill.
The time taken to make an inspection varies in accordance with the size and com plexity of the building, a simple Church with two or three Chambers and Tower taking
5-6 hours, a large Church some 20-30 hours, and a great Cathedral like York Minster, for which I was responsible, 2,000 man hours. A Country House is like a large Church in general complexity, which a small house or shop can be inspected in four hours.
Proper equipment is needed to make the inspection. Paper, writing board, pencils, pe nknife and short crowbar are essential, to which you can add a mirror for looking be hind things, screwdriver, hammers for tapping and special equipment such as moisture meters, hygrometers and metal detectors. A magnifying glass is also useful. I like to write all mu factual report on the site as this process makes me "see" and think, and if "seeing" raises questions, I can easily solve them by looking from a different position. One is like a detective seeking criminal causes of decay.
The report must describe the building, its layout and surroundings, and give a resume of its history. It is most important to identify all materials and clarify ones report with sketch plans and details. Then one lists the condition of all items methodically, working from the top to the bottom, and always clockwise round the building or a suitable section of the building. The inaccessible spaces and hidden places that cannot be inspected must be listed in the report.
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Finally, one must propose a course of action and give approximate estimates. Es timating is difficult, but experience helps. Without estimates, the report is almost value less. I suggest that one give two figures-a reasonable figure for the cost of the work and a top figure that takes every unknown difficulty into account. Estimates might be given in five general categories according to need: IMMEDIATE, URGENT, NECESSARY,
DESIRABLE, and UNDER OBSERVATION.
These categories give a strategy for each building in which one must balance the cor rect sequence for building repairs, i.e., roofs first, with the urgency of the item. The basic strategy has been taken even further by Henry J. Chambers in his sophisticated report on Cyclical Maintenance of Buildings, in which he evaluates the required frequency of all maintenance operations, including daily cleaning. Regular inspections for each building can become a national strategy for maintenance of our cultural property. We should at least hand on our historic buildings and monuments to the next generation in a little bet ter condition than they were in when we received them from our fathers.
APPENDIX
7
D
AMAGE RECORDING SHEETS
Inventory of Damage
1 . Name of Monument Reference Number
2. 0 Archaeological site
o Urban group of buildings o Fortified urban area o Monastery/monasteries o Rural group of buildings o Isolated monument 3. Location Community Town Place Address Land register no. Owner
4. Damage Caused by the Earthquake Destroyed Heavily Damaged 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Religous monument Habitation Public building
Building serving an economic purpose Military architecture (fortified) Ethnological structure
Building serving a technical purpose Monument to the struggle for national liberation
Damaged Slightly Intact Damaged 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Damage Assessment Form