TABLA 1 FUNCIONES, ACTIVIDADES Y COMPETENCIAS PROFESIONALES EN SALUD PÚBLICA

The tertiary sector represented about 70.22% of the EU-28 GDP in the year 2016. Tertiary sector is related to activities such as professional, scientific and technical services, public administration, wholesale, retail, etc. These activities have caused an increase in employment by 9,478.6 thousand units across the EU-28 during the period from 2010 to 2016.

In 2016, the tertiary sector accounted for 13.54% of total European final energy consumption. The final energy consumption of the sector has increased by 23.33% (from 121.7 Mtoe to 150.0 Mtoe) in the period from 2000 to 2016. A similar increase has been followed by EU-15 and NMS-13 areas which have increased their consumption by 22.89% and 26.05% respectively. The sector registered a final energy consumption of 150.0 Mtoe in 2016, out of which 85.82% (128.8 Mtoe) was generated by EU-15 area. The maximum level of consumption was reached in the year 2010 (157.7 Mtoe). Consumption's decreases registered in 2011 and 2014 have led the final tertiary energy consumption to 2007 levels. A new increase of 1.98% has been observed in 2016.

Very different growth rates have been registered across the EU-28 Member States. In the period from 2000 to 2016, the MSs with the highest reduction rates of final tertiary energy consumption were Slovakia (-40.49%), Hungary (-26.30%) and Slovenia (- 6.51%). The Member States with the highest consumption growth rates were Malta (187.07%), Romania (168.29%) and Cyprus (109.57%), all of them belonging to NMS- 13.

To be noted the significant change in the growth rates across different sub-periods occurred in Romania, Cyprus, Greece, Portugal, Latvia, France, Austria, Ireland and Slovenia. A significant reduction in the growth rate occurred in Romania as it passed from 199.96% in the first sub period to -10.56% in the second sub period. At the same time, a positive growth rate during the first sub period made way for a negative one in the second sub period in G Greece, Portugal, Latvia, France, Netherlands, Denmark, Austria and Ireland. However the growth rates variations between these two sub periods are not as significant as the variations occurred in other economic sectors. This can be the result of an on-going tertiarization process at European level.

The energy mix in the final energy consumption in the EU-28 in the tertiary sector in 2016 was mainly composed by three energy types which accounted for almost the 90% of the total. Electricity had the highest share (48.49%), followed by gas (30.84%) and total petroleum products (10.44%). Changes compared to the scenario of year 2000 are mainly due to a reduction in the share of petroleum products (-8.16%). Electricity (+3.61%) and gas (+2.48%) have instead acquired larger shares together with derived heat (+0.71) and renewable energies (+2.20). Solid fuels and waste have reduced their shares by 0.81% and 0.04% respectively.

Weather and climate conditions, energy prices, as well as economic growth and employment growth can be energy consumption influencing factors in the tertiary sector. Given the nature of the tertiary sector which includes public sector, professional, scientific and technical activities, service and commerce; comfort conditions (e.g. temperature or humidity levels) are important and can be considered as key factors in the evaluation of energy consumption in the tertiary sector. With regard to the employment creation during the period 2000-2016, the sector has increased by 20.68% (by creating about 30 millions of new employees). Despite this favourable trend, there is a clear impact of the economic crisis: from 2010 to 2013 it is possible to observe a slowdown in the job creation. In contrast from 2014 onwards and especially in 2016, the economic growth has an impact in the number of employees in tertiary sector as it has risen by 2.85% compared to 2015. In this direction an interesting indicator to consider in the analysis of the energy trends in the tertiary sector is the energy consumed per employee. The final average energy consumption per employee in the tertiary sector in the EU-28 was 0.875 toe per employee in 2016. The Member States with the highest

energy consumption per employee were Finland (1.55 toe/emp.), Luxembourg (1.29 toe/emp.), and Belgium (1.23 toe/emp.). On the other hand, Romania (0.46 toe/emp.), Bulgaria (0.55 toe/emp.), Portugal (0.62 toe/emp.) and Lithuania (0.66 toe/emp.) were the Member States with the lowest final tertiary energy consumption per employee. With regard the weather conditions it is possible to observe a correlation between the final energy consumption per employee and the value of HDD. The influence of weather conditions on per capita consumption has proved to be greater than the influence of the employment rate.

The total final electricity consumption in the service sector accounted for 30.39% of the final electrical energy consumption. It had the largest share of consumption after the industry sector (36.39%). Regarding the tertiary sector energy mix, electricity accounted for 48.49% of the total final energy consumption in the same year, confirming electricity as the main consumed fuel type.

The final electricity consumption trend in the service sector shows an increase in the consumption by 33.26% (from 635 TWh to 846.1 TWh) during the 17-year period from 2000 to 2016. The raise in the consumption has been more relevant in the NMS-13 (59.62%) countries than in the EU-15 (30.13%). Concerning the growth rates of the different Member States over this period, it is observed that twelve MSs have registered a growth rate below the EU-28 average (+33.26%) during the period 2000-2016. The MSs with the highest growth rates have been Romania (119.58%), Estonia (112.06%) and Malta (96.63%). The lowest reduction rates have been registered in Hungary (- 9.40%), Denmark (3.18%) and the United Kingdom (4.91%); these last two values might be the result of energy efficiency actions. To be noted that all the MSs without exceptions show a positive growth rate in the period from 2000 to 2008. Nevertheless, this trend changed in the period from 2008 to 2016 during which six EU-28 countries have reversed their growth rates turning them into negative ones.

The electricity consumption per employee in the EU-28 for the year 2016 was 4,935.8 kWh/emp. Fourteen Member States had above EU-28 average electricity consumption per employee. The MSs with the highest consumption per employee were Finland (9,503.0 kWh/emp.), Estonia (7,013.7 kWh/emp.) and Cyprus (6,787.2 kWh/emp.). On the other hand, the countries with the lowest electricity consumptions per employee were Romania (2,195.4 kWh/emp.), Hungary (2,667.2 kWh/emp.) and Lithuania (3,601.0 kWh/emp.).

The average European electricity consumption per employee has increased by 10.42% in the period from 2000 to 2016. The maximum registered value occurred in 2010 (5,241.3 kWh/emp.). The highest electricity consumption per employee has been experienced in the period 2008-2013. In 2014, electricity consumption per employee declined by 4.04%. In 2015 the consumption level increased by 2.52% (5,015.9 kWh/emp.), but remained below the level reached in 2013. In 2016 it dropped again by 1.6%.

The final gas consumption in the service sector accounted for 18.87% of the total final gas consumption of the EU-28 in 2016. This sector was the third highest gas consumer after the residential sector (42.88%) and the industry sector (35.16%). Regarding the tertiary sector energy mix, gas accounted for 30.84% of the total final energy consumption, representing the second highest share among the different energy types after electricity.

Over the period 2000-2016 the consumption of final gas increased by 34.12% (from 34.5 to 46.3 Mtoe). This raise has been mainly due to the EU-15 MSs which have increased their consumption by 38.59%. NMS-13 areas have instead raised their tertiary gas consumption by 11.0%.

There are notable differences across the EU-28 Member States regarding the final tertiary gas consumption growth rates during the period 2000-2016. It can be observed that countries such as Greece, Estonia and Bulgaria have experienced a very large increase in their tertiary gas consumption over this period. This may be the result of a

gradual development of gas networks and a consequent boost in the consumption of this fuel type by those States. Individual case studies and further research would however be needed in order to explain these growth rates. Eleven Member States have registered a growth rate below the European average growth rate (34.12%) for the same period. The recent financial and economic crisis has impacted less on total EU-28 tertiary gas consumption compared to the impact on gas consumption in other economic sectors, although it has totally reversed the tendencies in countries such Romania (it went from an increase of 360.70% between 2000-2007 to a decrease of 29.45% in 2007-2016) or Latvia (passed from 158.82% in 2000-2007 to -17.66% in 2007-2016).

The average gas consumption per employee in the EU-28 in the tertiary sector was 270.0 koe/emp. in the year 2016. The European country with the lowest gas consumption per employee was Finland which registered 15.3 koe/emp., followed by Bulgaria (45.7 koe/emp.) and Greece (48.6 koe/emp.). On the other hand, the Member State with the highest consumption was Belgium (498.0 koe/emp.). The second was Netherlands (427.0 koe/emp) and the third the Hungary (422.3 koe/emp).

Gas as energy fuel has its major application in heating applications. Therefore it is of interest to analyse gas consumption correlation with the weather conditions (Heating Degree Days). From 2000 to 2016 the gas consumption per employee in the EU-28 has raised by 11.14% (from 242.9 koe/emp to 270.0 koe/emp). The maximum value was achieved in 2010 (300.4 koe/emp.) when the highest HDD value (3,484.5) was also achieved.