TAMIZAJE FITOQUÍMICO DE LOS EXTRACTOS DE CAÑA AGRIA,

The obstacles and stimuli presented have an effect on willingness to participate for all the citizens of Borne. However, they have a different effect on willingness for different types of citizens. In order to uncover ways for the local government to increase willingness for citizen participation among citizens of Borne, ways to remove obstacles and encourage stimuli will be described for each of the three types of citizens. In this way for liberal, communitarian and neo-republican citizens a detailed picture can be drawn of ways to increase willingness for citizen participation. Liberal citizens have a basic tendency towards not participating. This lack of motivation has its basis in their basic view of citizenships as a social contract between the government and the citizen. Both parties fulfilling their civic duties and executing their rights does not necessarily find its expression in citizens participating in co-producing governmental policy. For liberal citizens the role of competences is ambiguous. Lacking the needed competences to participate is an obstacle for willingness to participate, but the expectation is that when citizens lack the basic willingness to participate based on their view of citizenship removing this obstacle, for instance true training and coaching citizens, will not increase their willingness to participate. Similarly, for liberal citizens that do possess the needed competences, having these competences is not expected to be a stimulus, or a stimulus big enough to overcome the obstacle of their basic liberal stance on citizenship and citizen participation. Coinciding with liberal citizenship is a lack of trust in and sense of influence on local government. Removing these obstacles by giving liberal citizens the opportunity to influence government policy through citizen participation and raising trust in government through implementing the outcomes of the participation process might increase

31 willingness to participate. However, it seems unclear if this will overcome the major obstacle of liberal citizens’ lack of willingness for citizen participation based on their view of the roles of government and citizens within the public domain. Basically, the same holds true for the choice of liberal citizens between exit and voice. Like a lack of trust and influence, a lack of loyalty towards the local government in itself seems to be an obstacle that might be removed by intensifying and improving the relationship between local government and the citizen through citizen participation, but again, a liberal disposition is expected to prevent removing this obstacle from increasing willingness to participate among liberal citizens. Another part of this basic stance of liberal citizens is the lack of goals to be pursued and results to be reached through citizen participation. Triggering these citizens through showing the chance to influence local governmental policy, be part of the community or fulfill a certain civic duty towards society does not seem to be ways to use stimuli and increase willingness to participate. A case can be made for selective material benefits to be a stimulus for willingness to participate, increasing willingness to participate in a selective way that is different for each and every liberal citizen. Because of this divergent nature of selective material benefits between liberal citizens it is hard to see how government can increase willingness in a coherent way for the town of Borne as a whole through using the stimulus of selective material benefits.

As for communitarian citizens of Borne, they do have a basic tendency towards participating. As described this tendency is based on their view of society and the communities they are and feel part of. For communitarian citizens, as for liberal citizens, a lack of competences can be perceived as an obstacle for the willingness to participate. Removing this obstacle through formal training and informing citizens about needed skills and qualities to participate is expected to increase willingness to participate among communitarian citizens of Borne. Coherent with a communitarian disposition trust and sense influence are expected to be high, especially relative to liberal citizens. This trust in local government and basic sense of influence on local government and the policy making process seems to be a stimulus that can be used to increase willingness for citizen participation among communitarian citizens. Being connected to trust and influence, loyalty is expected to be strongly present in communitarian citizens, more likely inducing them towards the option of voice and keeping them from exiting, ergo being a stimulus for willingness to participate. Using this stimulus to increase willingness to participate might focus mainly on preventing the local government from neglecting communitarian citizens and nurturing their loyalty by investing in the mutual relationship. Results that communitarian citizens are expected to pursue through this relationship and can be seen as a stimulus for citizen participation are selective civic gratifications, selective social benefits and collective outcomes. Using these stimuli or increasing willingness to participate can be done by showing these results as goals of a participation project up front. Selective material benefits are not expected to be goals communitarian citizens of Borne are trying to pursue, because of their focus on the community. The third citizen type, the neo-republican citizen has a basic inclination towards political processes and personal political activity. This inclination naturally drives neo-republican citizens towards citizen participation processes that actively involve the political realm and political actors. These citizens are expected to possess the competences needed to be actively involved in citizen participation. Lacking these competences is an obstacle for participating which when removed by the local government is expected to increase willingness to participate. Neo- republican citizens strongly believe in the political system and its properties for serving citizens of Borne in the best way possible. Willingness to participate as a citizen participant stems from this basic disposition of trust in and inclination to influence government policy trough the political system. These stimuli can be used by the local government of Borne by organizing citizen participation within or in close cooperation with the political realm. Closely related to trust and influence, loyalty towards the local government is expected to be sufficiently present in neo- republican citizens, driving them towards voice and citizen participation rather than exit and not participating. Using this stimulus to increase willingness to participate in practice can be done by upholding loyalty through managing the relationship between local government and citizen. Neo- republican citizens seem to be driven mostly by the opportunity to reach collective outcomes for the town of Borne. The political system is organized on that level and they are expected to be pursuing goals and trying to reach results on that level. Organizing citizen participation processes

32 on the level of the town of Borne is expected to be a way to use this stimulus to increase willingness to participate among neo-republican citizens.

Summarizing there seems to be a division between liberal citizens on the one hand and communitarian and neo-republican citizens on the other, based on their basic view of citizenship. Liberal citizens are expected to be basically unwilling to participate, while for neo-republican and mostly for communitarian citizens there seems to be a strong matrix of willingness to participate. This implies a general lack of possibilities to remove obstacles and use stimuli to participate for liberal citizens on the one hand and various opportunities to do so for communitarian and neo- republican citizens.