2.9. ANÁLISIS DE LAS SOLUCIONES
2.9.1.1.1. Tanque presurizado de LNG
Issues identified in the three areas investigated in this research are outlined with corresponding recommendations.
7.1.1 Environment
Extensive environmental degradation has been observed, predominantly from anthropogenic pressures. Some of the most damaging current trends include excessive development which poses a risk to all three research areas. These have been outlined in the table below.
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Table 36: Environmental issues and recommendations.
Observed Issue Impacts Anthropogenic Factors Recommended options
Forest degradation and
deforestation x Reduction in ecosystem services - Reduction in availability of non-timber products (fruits, flowers honey etc.) - Water shortage/water table lowered
- Reduced waste assimilation x Changing microclimate
- Reduction in tourist interest - Reduction in crop yields, such as coffee x Habitat degradation and fragmentation
- Human-animal conflicts - Inability to support fauna x Biodiversity loss x Loss of unique ecosystems
- Reduced forest regeneration and succession
x Poor enforcement of environmental protection rules x Illegal tree felling
x Grazing of animals, such as goats
x Lack of communication between coordinators of poverty alleviation and conservation programmes
x Lack of understanding of forest dynamics x Intentional and spontaneous forest fires
x Garner local resident support for environmental conservation efforts x Educational programmes
x Stop grazing of animals in regenerating forest x Proper enforcement
x Community led conservation programmes
x Restoration projects with a focus on imitating original forest dynamics x Proper communication between relevant organisations x Use of ecotourism to increase support of environment projects
Land conversion and unsustainable
development xx Monocultures result in reduced biodiversity Loss of productive land x Loss of biodiversity
x Loss of agricultural biodiversity x Land degradation x Pollution x Excessive development x Microclimate change
x Reduction in natural quality of scenery and landscape x Habitat loss
x Residents selling their land
- Rising costs associated with running plantations - Insufficient funds and lack of financial security for needs and
expenses x Corruption and dishonesty
x Ensure policies to safeguard environment from excessive development x Proper enforcement of rules during development
x Effective implementation of poverty alleviation programmes x Use ecotourism/tourism to support maintenance of natural scenery and
landscapes
x Create stable jobs, such as through ecotourism development to reduce the need to sell land
x Seek outside funding to create conservation projects to maintain landscape
Water shortages x Lack of water for crops - reduced crop yields x Lack of water for humans and animals x Environmental stress
x Deforestation x Global climate change
x Improve forest health
x Implement effective afforestation schemes with aid of residents x Implement development projects to capture rain water Pollution (Air, water, noise) x Environmental degradation
x Reduction in quality of natural scenery and landscape x Disruption to fauna
x Poor water quality is a health hazard for tourists, residents and animals
x Heavy vehicular traffic
x Lack of proper waste management - rubbish dumps in close vicinity to water bodies
x Faecal contamination from lack of proper infrastructure and sewage treatment facilities
x Road run-off from close proximity to heavily used roads x Sedimentation from soil erosion caused by development x Bauxite and granite mining
x Lack of enforcement of environmental rules
x Enforce one way traffic on Ghat roads during weekends x Enforce safe driving
x Encourage use of public transport to reduce number of private vehicles x Create safe public transport options that are not overcrowded x Raise the fee to enter Yercaud to contribute to carbon emission offset
programmes
x Construct proper infrastructure and waste/sewage management x Plant riparian or similar strips on lake edge to reduce contamination of
lake water from road runoff
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7.1.2 Community
Various community issues have arisen due to unsustainable development in the area. Additionally, some conflicts have been identified between conservation and poverty alleviation efforts. Ecotourism would encourage better communication between coordinators of these two programmes. Furthermore, it would provide incentives for residents to aid in conservation efforts and potentially provide alternative sources of income. Additionally, other recommendations are made outside of those that ecotourism could provide in the following table.
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Table 37: Social issues and recommendations.
Observed Issue Consequences Factors Recommended potential solutions/options
Lack of proper infrastructure and
housing xx Impacted health Poor sanitation x Poor living conditions x Cramped living quarters x Indoor air pollution x Pollution
x Lack of planning x Poverty x Poor infrastructure x Rural-urban migration for jobs x Lack of electricity (requires burning of fuels)
and ventilation
x Lack of proper waste management
x Poverty alleviation and aid schemes to improve housing x Build proper housing and amenity facilities x Build proper infrastructure and sewage treatment x Educational programmes
x Ventilation in houses
x Provide alternative fuels that are cleaner burning
Ineffective government schemes and corruption
x Government loses money through lack of planning and corruption. Those in need are still left in need
x Government schools fail to distribute school equipment
x Government schools have insufficient teachers willing to work in rural areas x Only one higher secondary school which is distant to many villages
x Parents still have to buy school supplies despite children attending Government schools x Unfair distribution of subsidies
x Time and money lost waiting for distribution of subsidies
x Lack of doctors and nurses at government clinics and they fail to provide proper care
x Lack of planning and proper development x Corruption - bribery and threats - fear of
those with political power x Improper policing of schemes x Self-preservation - fear of repercussions for
not complying to threats x Medical and teaching staff lack motivation
due to distance to their respective stations
x Proper policing of schemes to ensure - Fair distribution of benefits - Staff complete their jobs well
- Adequate staff are stationed at clinics and schools - Government employees are honest in carrying out their duties.
Poor transportation x Unsafe for girls travelling long distance to school x Children in distant villages face a daily struggle to attend school x Costs of privately arranged transportation mean children have to walk
x Children unable to receive a proper education due to costs and time associated with travel x Poor transportation to many villages makes reaching work,, medical facilities, or career training
courses difficult.
x Lack of buses running at appropriate times x Poor infrastructure (roads) x Lack of buses travelling to more remote
villages
x Increase and improve bus services x Introduce school bus services x Improve infrastructure
Low incomes x Poverty x Debt
x Forced into illegal activities x Forced to take up additional work x Forced to borrow money
x Unable to properly educate children (unable to pay fees, provide transport, or buy school equipment)
x Selling of land
- Graze animals in forest - Loss of self-sufficiency - Loss of livelihood sustainability
x Lack of education and skill set x Shortage of jobs, except for lower paying
labour positions (e.g. coolies) x Increasing costs x Lack of job security
x Poverty alleviation schemes x Training schemes x Jobs with better wages
x Alternate income sources to supplement jobs x Subsidies and support for low income earners x Improve infrastructure and technology to improve job conditions
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Land conversion and unsustainable development
x Development of slums
x Environmental degradation which affects health and livelihood x Increasing land prices
x Unsustainable and excessive development
x Poverty x Lack of financial security x Debt
x Poor planning x Corruption
x Policies to safeguard environment from excessive development x Proper enforcement of rules during development x Effective implementation of poverty alleviation programmes
x Create stable jobs, such as through ecotourism/conservation development to reduce the need to sell land
Human-animal conflict x Human injuries x Property and crop damage x Financial losses
x Increased animosity towards conflicting animal species
x Habitat loss and degradation x Lack of available water x Habitat encroachment
x Improve habitat, restoration projects x Education and awareness
x Fencing or other deterrents to keep Gaur away from properties
Water shortages and pollution x Villages must buy water from town x Increased costs
x Deforestation x Climate change
x Improve forest health
x Implement effective afforestation schemes with aid of residents x Implement development projects to capture rain water Pollution x Reduced health
x Poor sanitation
x Lack of proper infrastructure x Lack of proper waste management system x Lack of sewage treatment system
x Improve infrastructure, waste management, and sewage treatment
Conflict between conservation and
poverty alleviation xx Loss of income Increased feelings of animosity towards environmental rules x Failed conservation efforts
x Restrictions introduced without community consultation and mediation
x Proper integration between the two programmes x Education regarding environmental importance x Alternative income sources
Environmental ignorance or
indifference x Can result in: - Environmental degradation - Pollution - Human-animal conflicts - Unsustainable development and practices
x Self-preservation (meeting own needs) over environment
x Lack of education and awareness
x Educational programmes x Improving living conditions and poverty
Loss of tribal culture x Loss of unique culture and knowledge x Loss of potential cultural attractions
x Feelings of inferiority x Restrictions which make following of
traditions difficult
x Influence from other residents in town and TV
x Education about uniqueness and importance of tribal culture x Ecotourism to promote sense of pride in tribal culture x Programmes to revive old traditions
Differing social perceptions of community groups
x Social friction and conflict x Distrust
x Changing trends
x More modern behaviour among tribals
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7.1.3 Tourism
Unsustainable tourism development is affecting the major attractivity qualities of Yercaud. There are several issues related to this and with the current mass tourism trend, which are outlined in the following table.
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Table 38: Tourism related issues and recommendations.
Observed Issue Consequences Factors Recommended options
Pollution (Air, water, noise) x Health Hazards
x Loss of tourist interest as natural attractivity of destination is reduced
x Lack of planning x Poor infrastructure x Lack of proper waste management x Large numbers of tourists
x Build proper infrastructure and sewage treatment x Manage traffic flow, provide alternative transport up ghat road
Unsustainable development x Environmental degradation reduces tourist interest x Overdevelopment
x Loss of natural scenery and landscape which attract tourists
x Unequal development - some areas overdeveloped, other underdeveloped x Excessive development
x Intensive tourism development
x Proper policies and policing of development x Proper planning with environmental and community
consideration
x Reduce and implement development which is more suitable for destination features
Predominantly weekend tourists during off-peak season
x Reduced income as most tourists only visit for 2-3 days x Lack of attractions for longer tourism consumption x Develop sustainable attractions which engage tourists for longer
x Attract a different tourist market during the week to reduce effect of seasonality
x Marketing to attract ecotourists who might spend longer and more in destination
Excessive tourists in Yercaud town x Environmental degradation and pollution x Loss of natural attractivity x Over-crowding
x Excessive tourism development in town
x Lack of development of alternative tourist attractions (ecotourism in surrounding areas)
x Sustainable development of surrounding attractions to attract tourists away from town
x Improve infrastructure to deal with high density of tourists Competition from more and less developed hill
stations (Ooty and Yelagiri) xx Loss of tourists to more appealing hill stations Reduced income from tourism x Reduced destination attractivity
x Unsustainable development
x Lack of innovative tourism development (such as ecotourism) x Lack of directed tourism development, which is inappropriate for destination
features
x Utilise ecotourism to gain a competitive edge in tourism market x Directed and sustainably planned development
Safety x Tourists feel unsafe at attractions, in particular female tourists x Lack of lighting and infrastructure x Drinking and inappropriate behaviour x Lack of presence of authorities
x Watch guards/security at remote or potentially unsafe attractions (e.g. Kiliyur falls)
Predominantly domestic market x Lower spending than international tourists, including shorter stays - less profit x Environmental degradation and unsustainable development x Opinion that area/attraction must be developed to obtain entertainment and
satisfaction
x Some attractions and activities (Cultural, historical and natural) not as appealing as they might be to international tourists
x Different discriminations and attractivity factors for domestic tourists x Development geared towards domestic tourist tastes (development not
suitable for destination features)
x Lack of quality control and examples of quality domestic tourist destinations to create a discriminative comparison of destination deficiencies
x Marketing and development towards international market x Sustainable ecotourism development
x Pioneer quality attractions and activities to innovate tourism and create beneficial competition
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