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Four different PET bottle products were subjected to two different sorting and mechanical recycling processes. Additionally, two PET bottle products were composed to reflect a

hypothetical future situation in which the deposit refund system for PET would be abolished and the bottles would be recycled via separate collection and mechanical recovery. The latter PET bottle products were subjected to two different sorting and mechanical recycling processes. An overview of the PET bottle products and the three sorting and recycling processes to which they are subjected is given in Table 5.

The PET bottle products that are obtained from deposit refund systems (SRN, other) were only subjected to the standard mechanical recycling process, because these relatively clean bottle products don’t require more elaborate sorting and recycling processes. Moreover, this process has been developed for this feedstock; PET bottles from deposit refund systems. This standard mechanical recycling process is described in paragraph 2.3.2 Standard process.

The PET bottle products originating from the current separate collection and mechanical recovery systems were subjected to both the standard and the advanced mechanical recycling process. This advanced recycling process had several additional process steps, such as NIR-pre- sorting, sieving with a 2 mm screen, flake sorting and colour sorting, see paragraph 2.3.3. This second, more advanced, laboratory process was configured to convert PET bottle fractions of separate collection and mechanical recovery origins into food grade bottle rPET as a mimic of industrial recycling processes in other countries like France.

For the hypothetical scenario, PET bottle products that would originate from separate collection and mechanical recovery systems with the PET bottles from the deposit refund system added have been subjected to the advanced recycling process and to a process in which the PET bottle products have been made to comply to DKR 325 (bottles only) prior to this advanced process. The precise conditions and configuration was advised by the industrial reviewer L. Jetten and checked to current industrial practice with industrial review board members S. Morssinkhof and H. Kuipers. The conditions of the standard and advanced process are described in the following paragraphs, the exact conditions of washing per batch are shown in Appendix F.

Table 5: Matrix of measurements that will be performed on rPET products made from various input PET bottle fractions with three different mechanical recycling processes. The numbers are the codes used.

PET-bottle products

Sorting and recycling process

Standard* Advanced* Advanced + DKR 325

Deposit refund SRN, clear & light blue

1 Deposit refund, other via

Cumapol

2 Separate collected and

sorted fraction

3 4

Mechanical recovered and sorted fraction

5 6

Separate collected and sorted fraction when deposit refund bottles are added to the collection system for plastic packages

7 8

Mechanical recovered and sorted fraction when deposit refund bottles are added to the collection system for plastic packages

9 10

*The standard and advanced recycling process are explained in paragraph 2.3.3 and 2.3.4.

Calculation of the composition of PET bottle products for future scenarios of collection system integration

2.3.1

The composition of the PET bottle products after system amalgamation were predictively calculated. This calculation was based on the composition of the analysed PET bottle fractions and weighing factors that represent the amounts of PET bottles that the different systems are expected to contribute to the new merged collection system. These weighing factors, which are shown in Table 6, represent the weight of PET bottles that originate from the contributing systems, see Equation 5.

For the PET bottles and flasks that originate from the separate collection system the weighing factor equalled the amount of PET-bales produced at sorting facilities that comply to DKR 328- 1. This amount was derived from the total amount of sorted products registered to originate from separate collection in 2014 (102 kton according to Stichting Afvalfonds) multiplied by the sorting division for PET (9.2% PET sorting yield based on outgoing weights)(Thoden van Velzen 2014).

For the PET bottles that originate from the deposit refund system SRN, the weighing factor was derived from the total amount of counted PET bottles derived from deposit refund systems in the Netherlands in 2014 (21 kton according to Stichting Afvalfonds) multiplied by the market share of SRN compared to other deposit refund systems (80% was chosen based on a two year old report (Warringa et al. 2014), a new report estimates this as 75% (Ansems et al. 2015)), multiplied by the fraction of Dutch households that is connected to a separate collection system for plastic packaging waste (roughly 90% in comparison to mechanical recovery), multiplied by the collection percentage for large PET bottles. The latter was crudely estimated to be 70%, based on the collection results of Fost-Plus in Belgium (FostPlus 2014), Redilo in Switzerland (2008) and own calculations on the current separate collection system (Thoden van Velzen 2015). Furthermore, it is in good agreement with one of the two assumptions used in the last

environmental analysis of the framework treaty (Ansems et al. 2015)

Likewise the weighing factor for the bottles originating from the other deposit refund systems were calculated as 21 ktons times 20% times 90% times 70%. The applied weighing factors are listed in Table 6.

Table 6: Applied weighing factors to calculate compositions of sorted products after the deposit refund bottles have been added to the separate collection system and the mechanical recovery system.

Weighing factors for bottles originating from, [kton] Separate

collection Mechanical recovery SRN Other deposit refund systems Merged separate collection system 9.38 - 10.60 2.63 Merged mechanical recovery system - 1.74 1.51 0.38

The weighing factors for calculating the composition after adding the bottles from the deposit refund system to the mechanical recovery system are calculated in a similar manner, but with different parameters, see Table 6.

For the PET bottles and flasks that originate from the mechanical recovery system the weighing factor equalled the amount of PET-bales produced at sorting facilities that comply to DKR 328- 1. This amount was derived from the total amount of sorted products registered to originate from mechanical recovery in 2014 (28 kton according to Stichting Afvalfonds) multiplied by the sorting division for PET (6.2% PET sorting yield based on outgoing weights)18_{. For the bottles}

that originate from the deposit refund systems and are added to the mechanical recovery system, the calculations are similar, but the percentage of Dutch households contributing to mechanical

recovery was set to 10% and the expected recovery yields for the large PET bottles were set to 90% (Thoden van Velzen et al. 2013).

Equation 5: concentration of a packaging category in a merged system is calculated from the concentrations in the