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The distances people travel and the time that they spend doing so are key variables that reflect both personal travel characteristics and the operation and performance of the transport networks. This section explores relationships in terms of how these quantities vary, across the different modes, for different trip purposes and by region of London.

Travel distance is measured in the LTDS survey as the straight-line distance between the origin and destination of each trip. Respondents report the address of each trip end and the locations of intermediate interchanges. These are coded to grid references (and hence to other spatial classifiers such as postcodes and boroughs) by matching the data with known addresses using gazetteers. The length of each trip is then calculated as a straight line distance. The results certainly understate the actual distance travelled if it could be measured on the ground, by up to 30 percent. However, they do serve to identify trends in travel distance and trip length for various types of trip and to allow derivation of statistics such as distance-based mode shares of travel.

Table 9.6 shows that Londoners travel around 15 kilometres on an average day, with relatively little variation by day of the week, and with Inner and Outer London residents respectively travelling smaller or greater distances than the Greater London average.

Table 9.6 Average straight line travel distance per person per day (km) by area or region of

residence.

Area of residence Average weekday 2005-2008 average

1991 2001 Weekday Saturday Sunday All days

Greater London 15.0 15.0 15.2 14.3 14.4 15.0 Inner London 11.5 12.5 12.7 11.3 13.2 12.6 Outer London 17.1 16.5 16.9 16.2 15.1 16.6 London region - Central 11.5 12.3 12.0 10.6 12.2 11.8 - North 14.8 14.9 15.9 18.4 16.2 16.3 - East 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.7 12.6 13.6 - South 18.3 18.1 18.2 14.7 16.7 17.5 - West 16.1 15.5 16.3 15.1 14.9 16.0

Source: LTDS Household Survey

Different trip purposes account for varying proportions of total travel distance. For example, Table 9.7 shows that commuting and leisure trips account for the highest proportions of aggregate travel distance, and education-related trips the least. From the perspective of aggregate distance travelled by Londoners, commuting trips account for just under one-quarter of the total, with education-related trips accounting for about 5 percent.

Table 9.7 Percentage shares of travel distance by trip purpose, average day, 2006/07 and 2007/08, 7-day week.

Trip purpose Distance per person (kms) Percentage of travel distance

2006/07 2007/08 2006/07 2007/08

Commuting 3.5 3.2 23% 22%

Other work 2.1 2.2 14% 15%

Education 0.8 0.6 5% 4%

Shopping and personal business 2.7 2.6 18% 18%

Leisure 4.7 5.0 31% 33%

Other 1.2 1.2 8% 9%

All purposes 15.0 14.9 100% 100%

Source: LTDS Household Survey

In terms of trends, the shares of travel distances for each purpose were similar in the two most recent survey years, 2006/07 and 2007/08. There was a slight fall in the share of commuting trips and with a corresponding increase in the share of leisure trips. Variations in the shares of travel distance accounted for by the main trip purposes for residents of the five London regions are shown in Table 9.8.

Table 9.8 Percentage shares of travel distance by trip purpose by London region of

residence, 2007/08 average day, 7-day week.

Trip purpose Central North East South West

Commuting 18% 19% 26% 22% 20%

Other work 16% 14% 14% 13% 16%

Education 5% 4% 4% 5% 4%

Shopping and personal business 19% 17% 19% 14% 19%

Leisure 35% 36% 28% 37% 32%

Other 7% 9% 9% 9% 9%

All purposes 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Source: LTDS Household Survey

In interpreting these tables it is necessary to bear in mind that these are averages across all residents, not all of whom actually make these trips, and that travel made by Londoners wholly outside the Greater London area is excluded. The actual travel for commuting or education-related trips among those people making such trips will therefore be higher.

Different methods of transport are naturally more appropriate to certain distance ranges, although the average distance travelled per Londoner by each mode also strongly reflects the intensity of use of that mode (Table 9.9).

Table 9.9 Percentage shares of travel distance by main mode of trip, average day,

2006/07 and 2007/08, 7-day week.

Main mode Percentage of travel distance

2006/07 2007/08

Rail 16% 14%

Underground/DLR 11% 11%

Bus 11% 11%

Taxi and other public 2% 3%

Car driver 36% 38%

Car passenger 18% 18%

Cycle 1% 1%

Walk 5% 5%

All modes 100% 100%

Source: LTDS Household Survey

In terms of percentage share of total travel distance by area of residence, residents of Inner London travel proportionately further by the main public transport modes (Table 9.10), and residents of Outer London travel proportionately further by car (either as driver or passenger). At the London regional level, with the exception of the Central region and the limited Underground network in the South, there are few differentiating features.

Table 9.10 Percentage mode shares (main mode of trip) by travel distance, by area of residence,

2007/08 average day, 7-day week.

Rail Underground _{/ DLR} Bus Taxi / _{other driver} Car _passengerCar Cycle Walk _modesAll

Greater London 14% 11% 11% 3% 38% 18% 1% 5% 100% Inner London 17% 15% 15% 6% 26% 14% 2% 7% 100% Outer London 13% 10% 9% 1% 44% 20% 1% 3% 100% Central region 20% 14% 18% 6% 22% 10% 2% 9% 100% North region 10% 15% 10% 1% 40% 21% 0% 3% 100% East region 12% 12% 10% 1% 38% 22% 1% 5% 100% South region 21% 4% 9% 1% 45% 16% 1% 4% 100% West region 8% 15% 10% 5% 39% 18% 1% 4% 100%

Mode shares are strongly related to trip length (Figure 9.12). Considering all residents of Greater London, for the shortest trips, 90 percent under half a kilometre ‘crow-fly’ distance were by walking or cycling, with the remaining 10 percent by car. The

proportion of car trips increases as trips get longer, with over 75 percent of trips over 30 kilometres being made by car. Bus was used more than Underground for trips between 1 and 5 kilometres, whereas Underground use was more prevalent for trips between 5 and 30 kilometres. Rail use by Londoners was most common for trips between 10 and 30 kilometres long. Broadly similar patterns are seen for residents of central, Inner and Outer London, but with a progressively greater dominance of car travel moving outwards from central London.

Figure 9.12 Mode shares (main mode of trip) by straight line length of trip, 2007/08

average day, 7-day week. All Greater London residents.

Source: LTDS Household Survey