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The impact levels observed for the WECC baseline were largely consistent with expectations, given the power mix of the region. Among the results that stand out are the following:

Western Coal Systems — Many of the regional emission concentrations— ground level ozone, particulates, acidification and the HAPS related emissions — resulted in exposures that were quite low on an annual cumulative basis. This level of performance for coal systems reflects the location of these units in isolated regions far from population centers and the fact that the best coal seams were located in these remote regions.

The WECC’s Hydropower is making a major contribution to containing the overall Greenhouse Gas Loading of the US — While most NERC regions rely largely on coal and nuclear power generation as the core of their baseload power, the WECC has the unique advantage of having significant hydropower capacity.

From the perspective of the accumulated GHG radiative force loading, this factor has a significant effect on the WECC baseline impact profile. Hydropower generation in the region represents an annual displacement of 134 million metric tons of greenhouse gases (from 307 million metric tons to 447 million metric tons) that would otherwise be emitted if the hydropower system was decommissioned and replaced with the average mix of remaining WECC power. This displacement value represents a difference of 43%. Over the lifetime of the current hydropower facilities (40 years), the difference amounts to a displacement of 5.9 gigatons. It should be noted that this displaced tonnage is on a scale that is relevant to international estimates of the expected increase in retained atmospheric greenhouse gases over the same time period (about 170 gigatons).41 If drought conditions in the western US persist, the WECC could become a much greater source of greenhouse gas emissions on this scale.

The following section provides an analysis of results by impact category.

4.9.1.1. Analysis of Results by Indicator for the WECC Regional Power Pool

Table 4.8 provides a short discussion of the WECC indicator results. Table 4.8. Discussion of Net Indicator Results for the WECC per 1000 GWh

Indicator WECC Discussion

Energy Resource Depletion

5,207,000 GJ This indicator is a direct reflection of the power mix that comprises the WECC. For instance, natural gas, constituting a relative high percentage of the mix (26%), has a high RDF. Note in Table 4.6 that the ratio between net and gross energy depletion for the WECC is 0.53.

Terrestrial Habitat

Disruption42 1,882 Ha This indicator result is derived from a combination of _{impacts associated with transmission line ROW, coal} mining, and hydropower.

Aquatic (Lake) Habitat Disruption

NC This indicator could not be calculated within the scope of this study.

Aquatic (River) Habitat Disruption

NC This indicator could not be calculated within the scope of this study.

Riparian/Wetland Habitat Disruption

NC This indicator could not be calculated within the scope of this study.

Key Species NA There is no regional baseline for this indicator. Accumulated GHG

Radiative Force Loading

500,000 Eq. t CO2

This result was expected, given the mix of power sources.

41_{International Panel on Climate Change}

Acidification Loading (Oceanic)

164,891 t CO2

A midpoint has been identified demonstrating an oceanic acidification exceedance of critical load by isopleth. Exceedance maps are available. The discovery of this exceedance requires the establishment of this impact category and corresponding category indicator. The only inventory value required to meet the calculation is the total carbon dioxide emission, and therefore, no SCF is required. The ECF is represented by the fraction of total CO2 that deposits in the ocean from the annual gross release of CO2.

Acidification Loading (Terrestrial / Inland Waterways)

6.5 Eq. t SO2

The acidification loading for average power generated in the WECC, normalized to 1,000 GWh, is relatively low, due to:1) the significant contribution of nuclear power and hydropower to the WECC baseline; and 2) the low percentage of gross emissions of acidifying gases that deposit in areas of exceedance.

Ecotoxic Chemical Loading (Soil/Water)

NC This indicator was identified in the LCSEA framework only after the data collection portion of work had been conducted, and as such, could not be calculated within the current study.

Ground Level Ozone Loading

8.9 t O3 This study’s findings indicate that the ground level ozone loading for average power in the WECC, normalized to 1,000 GWh, is relatively low compared to other NERC regions, due to: 1) the significant contribution of nuclear power and hydropower to the WECC baseline; and 2) the low average background concentrations in the overall WECC.

Particulate Loading 12.2 Eq. t PM10

This study’s findings indicate that the particulate loading for average power in the WECC, normalized to 1,000 GWh, is relatively low compared to other NERC regions, due to: 1) the significant contribution of nuclear power and hydropower to the WECC baseline; and 2) the relatively low population densities and potential for exposure across the overall WECC region. Pulmonary Chemical

5 Eq. kg benzene

This study’s findings indicate that the pulmonary chemical loading for average power generated in the WECC, normalized to 1,000 GWh, is relatively low compared to other NERC regions, due to: 1) the significant contribution of nuclear power and hydropower to the WECC baseline; and 2) the relatively low population densities and potential for exposure across the overall WECC region.

Systemic Chemical loading (heavy metals)

NC This indicator could not be calculated within the scope of this study.

Neurotoxic Chemical Loading

6 Eq. kg Hg. This study’s findings indicate that the neurotoxic chemical loading for average power generated in the WECC, normalized to 1,000 GWh, is relatively low compared to other NERC regions, due to: 1) the significant contribution of nuclear power and hydropower to the WECC baseline; and 2) the relatively low population densities and potential for exposure across the overall WECC region.

Section 5.

In document Supply Chain Management y logística en la empresa “CEMEX”. (página 37-43)