3. MODELOS ANÁLOGOS
3.2 MODELOS ANALOGOS INTERNACIONALES
3.2.1 Templo Evangélica Unida De Terrassa España
Limited Liability Company Joint Stock Company
General purpose carrying out an activity in any purpose permitted by law
carrying out business, as well as non-business activities Number of founders
Polish and/or foreign
at least 1 person (however, a founder being a limited liability company should itself have more than one shareholder)
at least 1 person (however, a founder being a limited liability company should itself have more than one shareholder)
Establishment method
simple: signing of a company deed in the form of a notarial deed + registration with the court
more complicated: signing articles of a joint stock company + signing of a notarial act on acquisition of shares (if share capital is to be collected by public subscription, permission from the Polish Financial Supervision Authority is required) + registration with the court
Limitation of activities
limited (it is not allowed to carry out inter alia banking and insurance activity nor run a stock exchange)
Minimal initial capital PLN 5,000 PLN 100,000 Capital to be paid in
prior to registration (relates only to cash contributions)
100% minimum 25%
Shares initial capital may be divided into shares of equal or unequal value; preference shares entitle shareholders to extra dividends and/or voting rights
share capital divided into shares of equal nominal value; types of shares: registered shares, bearer shares, preference shares, utility shares Minimal value of one
share
PLN 50 PLN 0.01 Valuation of in-kind
contributions
made by founders made by founders; then the founders must draft a report which is subject to the scrutiny of expert auditors appointed by the registry court (exemptions allowed)
Legal status of shares shares represent property rights and are not securities; as a rule no share certificates are issued
shares are considered as securities; share certificates should be issued
Sale of shares issued in return for in-kind contribution
no restrictions; such shares can be sold immediately after issuance, provided that other restrictions do not apply
such shares may not be transferred or pledged until the general assembly approves the report and the accounts for the financial year of the company in which the shares have been covered by in-kind contribution Public trading
in shares (stock exchange)
impossible possible, subject to certain requirements
Increase of the share capital
generally requires general meeting’s approval (in a notarial form) passed by a two-thirds majority of votes, unless the company deed provides for a stricter majority; the company deed may also allow for an increase of capital without the need to amend the company deed, i.e. in such a situation notarial form is not required and a simple majority of votes is sufficient
generally requires the general assembly’s approval (in a notarial form) passed by a three-fourths majority of votes; however, the articles may provide for a stricter majority, except for increases made within the amount of the target share capital, which requires a resolution of the management board
Obligatory audit yes, if certain criteria provided in the Act on Accounting are met always Requirement to convene general assembly if the company incurs a loss to decide on further operation of the company
if loss exceeds the sum of the supplementary and reserve capitals and one-half of the share capital
if loss exceeds the sum of the supplementary and reserve capitals and one-third of the value of the share capital
Shareholders’ personal liability for the company’s obligations
Indirect responsibility – related to and limited up to the nominal value of the contributed shares
Indirect responsibility – related to and limited up to the value of contributed shares Board members’
personal liability for the company’s obligations
direct responsibility under Commercial Companies Code if an enforcement against a company appears to be ineffective, the board’s members are jointly and severally liable for the obligations thereof, including among others tax and social security liabilities (subject to limitations provided by law)
if an enforcement against a company appears to be ineffective, the board’s members are jointly and severally liable for tax obligations thereof (subject to limitations provided by law), responsibility for other obligations under general rules of civil code and bankruptcy law
Shareholder’s right to profits
demandable by the general meeting’s approval of the balance sheet
and the profit and loss account for the preceding year, pursuant to a shareholders’ decision in the form of resolution on dividend payment (provided that passing of such a resolution is authorised by the company deed) unless the company deed or the shareholders’ resolution otherwise provides
demandable by the general meeting’s approval of the balance sheet
and the profit and loss account for the preceding year, pursuant to a shareholders’ decision in the form of resolution on dividend payment, unless the company deed or the shareholders’ resolution provide otherwise
Distribution of property which remains after the liquidation of the company
the distribution among shareholders of the property cannot be carried out before the lapse of 6 months from the date of the announcement of the liquidation and the summoning of creditors
distribution of the property among the shareholders cannot be effected before the lapse of 1 year from the date of the announcement of the opening of the liquidation and the summoning of creditors
APPENDIX D