Capítulo 2. La teoría atribucional en el estudio de la motivación
2. La teoría atribucional de Bernard Weiner
Methods and Procedures
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of jazz in music teacher education curricula in Oklahoma colleges and universities. Chapters 1 and 2 introduced the study and reviewed the literature related to jazz in music teacher education. This chapter describes the methods and procedures used for data
collection and analysis. The research design and methodology including instrument development, descriptions of participants, process for gathering data, and the analysis procedures are described.
Research Approach – Survey and Interviews
This study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. This researcher chose this hybrid approach in order to gain more comprehensive insight into the research topic.
The survey questionnaire approach was selected to collect quantitative data including descriptive background data and attitudinal scales. Survey data provide a descriptive overview of attitudes and opinions (Zikmund, 2000).
The interview approach was employed to obtain qualitative data. The objective of qualitative research according to Babbie (2003) is to achieve depth rather than breadth. Interviews were used to gain in-depth information to help understand the survey results. Bodgdan and Biklen state, “the interview is used to gather descriptive data in the subjects’ own words so that the researcher can develop insights on how subjects interpret some piece of the world” (1998, p. 94).
Research Methodology
Instrument Development
The Jazz in Oklahoma Music Teacher Education Survey (Appendix D) was the primary data collection instrument for this study. This survey was based upon the survey used in the study “Descriptive, Philosophical and Practical Bases for Jazz Education: A Canadian Perspective” by David Elliott (1983). The author was contacted and permission to adapt the survey for use in the present study was obtained (see Appendix A). In his survey of 76 institutions in Canada, Elliott found the instrument to be valid and reliable therefore it was deemed an appropriate
instrument for the present study. Elliott’s questionnaire was adapted for use as a web based online survey for the present study. Based upon a review of the literature Elliott’s questionnaire was updated and adapted for use as a web based online survey for the present study.
This online survey included “yes-no” questions, open-ended questions, Likert- type items, and fill-in charts. The questionnaire was divided into six specific sections:
1. General Information – How do Oklahoma music education program administrators rank the importance of jazz in music teacher education?
4. Jazz Curricula - What is the nature of the jazz curricula in colleges and universities in Oklahoma offering a music education degree?
5. Respondent’s Background - What is the background of music education program administrators in the state of Oklahoma? (academic background, performance experience, jazz experience)
6. Conclusion - What comments do Oklahoma music education program administrators wish to make on the topic of jazz education?
The questionnaire employed a variety of response formats including Likert-type rating scales, open-ended questions, “yes-no” questions, and fill-in charts. Statements were presented using a 5-point Likert-type scale in order to assess attitudes (Babbie, 2003; Zikmund, 2000). Choices (or categories of responses) range from strongly agree to strongly disagree. On other questions, choices range from very important to not important. As the categories move from one to the other (e.g., from strongly agree to strongly disagree), the value will decrease by one unit. The Likert scale on which the questionnaire test scores was based, in other words, has equal units,
assigned values of "1" through "5" as the categories move from most negative to most positive.
In order to establish face validity and reliability for use in the current study, the survey instrument was submitted to twenty-four music professors outside the state of Oklahoma for evaluation. Ten of these professionals completed the questionnaire, made specific suggestions for revisions, and reported the time taken to complete the survey. Based upon this feedback, appropriate revisions were made to the research instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to assess inter-item reliability of the
instrument. Cronbach’s Alpha values ranged from .728 to .868 for all questionnaire cluster items. The adjusted instrument was, therefore, determined to be reliable for the purpose of this study.
Participants and Data Collection Procedures
Participants for this study included music education program administrators from colleges and universities in Oklahoma. A total of 23 Oklahoma colleges and
universities were included in this study. These 23 comprise every institution in the state of Oklahoma offering a music education degree. These institutions are listed below in alphabetical order with their corresponding location and enrollment total for the spring semester of 2004 (See Table 1).
Table 1
Institutions in Oklahoma offering a Music Education Degree
Institution City Enrollment Spring
Cameron University Lawton 3,240
East Central University Ada 3,662
Eastern Oklahoma State College Wilburton 1,439
Langston University Langston 2,597
Mid-America Christian University Oklahoma City 598
Northern Oklahoma College Tonkawa 2,293
Northeastern Oklahoma A & M Miami 1,529
Northeastern State University Tahlequah 7,541
Northwestern Oklahoma State Alva 1,690
Oklahoma Baptist University Shawnee 1,609
Oklahoma Christian University Oklahoma City 1,592
Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City 3,108
Oklahoma Panhandle State University Goodwell 987
Oklahoma State University Stillwater 20,234
Oklahoma Wesleyan University Bartlesville 528
Oral Roberts University Tulsa 3,716
Southeastern Oklahoma State Durant 3,372
Southern Nazarene University Bethany 2,028
Southwestern Oklahoma State Weatherford 4,538
University of Central Oklahoma Edmond 11,948
University of Oklahoma Norman 22,289
University of Science & Arts of Chickasha 1,242
University of Tulsa Tulsa 3,646
The designated music education program administrator was identified by contacting the music department of each institution by telephone and requesting the name and email address of the professor who is most knowledgeable and directly responsible for the music teacher education program. This person was used as the initial contact and was recruited by email (Appendix B). Each email included the Informed Consent Document and link,
http://surveys.oc.edu/facultySurveys/jazz_ed_in_OK.htm (Appendix D), to the online survey. When necessary, a second attempt to collect a meaningful percentage of the
population was undertaken by sending a second email. When necessary, a third attempt was undertaken via a personal telephone reminder.
Data from the survey transferred electronically after each survey was completed and submitted. A sample spreadsheet of data is included in Appendix G. The survey was confidential and contact information that was voluntarily provided was separated from survey data. Contact information which was stored in a separate spreadsheet file apart from survey data was erased. The survey was anonymous for any
participants not electing to provide contact information. The data was then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, 2004) and Quask
Formartist Data Report (Quask, 2004) software.
Participants for the interview process were chosen by deliberate stratified sampling. Stratified sampling was chosen because the population consists of a number of subgroups (Ary, Jacobs, & Razavieh, 2002). The group of 23 institutions was divided into 6 subgroups according to the number of enrolled students and by college or university status. (see Table 2)
Table 2
Subgroups of Institutions in Oklahoma Offering a Music Education Degree Institution Subgroups - Italicized is
Private
# City Enrollment
Spring 2004
Colleges 3
Eastern Oklahoma State College Wilburton 1,439
Northeastern Oklahoma A & M College Miami 1,529
Northern Oklahoma College Tonkawa 2,293
Universities 500-1999 7
Oklahoma Wesleyan University Bartlesville 528
Mid-America Christian University Oklahoma City 598
Oklahoma Panhandle State University Goodwell 987
University of Science & Arts of Oklahoma Chickasha 1,242 Oklahoma Christian University Oklahoma City 1,592
Oklahoma Baptist University Shawnee 1,609
Northwestern Oklahoma State University Alva 1,690
Universities 2000-3499 5
Southern Nazarene University Bethany 2,028
Langston University Langston 2,597
Oklahoma City University Oklahoma City 3,108
Cameron University Lawton 3,240
Southeastern Oklahoma State University Durant 3,372
Universities 3500-4999 4
University of Tulsa Tulsa 3,646
East Central University Ada 3,662
Oral Roberts University Tulsa 3,716
Southwestern Oklahoma State University Weatherford 4,538
Universities 5000-19,999 2
Northeastern State University Tahlequah 7,541
University of Central Oklahoma Edmond 11,948
Universities 20,000 and above 2
Oklahoma State University System Stillwater 20,234
University of Oklahoma Norman 22,289
Two participants were interviewed from each subgroup. Music education program administrators from both private and state institutions representing different regions of the state were sought to participate.
Selection of interview participants involved these procedures. An item was included on the online survey (question # 18, Appendix D) asking participants to volunteer for follow-up interviews. Music education faculty expressing willingness to participate in the interviews were contacted via email or telephone to schedule a meeting at a time and place of the participant’s choosing.
Initial contact of the interview participants followed the proceeding contact protocol:
1. Introduction – The study and need of interview participants were explained. 2. If the potential participant agreed to participate, the researcher proceeded to number 3. If the potential participant declined to participate, the researcher expressed thanks and concluded the interview.
3. A date, time, and place of the participant's choosing to conduct the interview were established.
4. The participant was thanked and meeting plans were confirmed.
Interviews were conducted in a place of the participant’s choosing. Interviews lasted an average of 30 minutes. The interviews followed the outlined protocol:
1. Introduction: A description of the research was provided and gratitude was expressed to the participant for volunteering.
a. What aspects of jazz and jazz pedagogy need to be provided to undergraduate music majors preparing for careers as music educators?
b. What particular aspects of jazz study are available to music education majors at this institution?
c. What is the degree of jazz activity in surrounding secondary schools and in the community? How would you characterize your attitude toward jazz education as it is currently practiced in Oklahoma public schools?
d. Should jazz be included in the music teacher education curriculum? _yes/no - If no, why______
1. If so, what courses and/or experiences should be required in the music education curriculum?
2. If so, what elective courses and/or experiences should be available to music education majors in the
curriculum?
e. What are the reasons/barriers to including more jazz courses within the music education curriculum?
f.
What is your musical background? (academic background, performance experience, jazz experience)g.
Overall, how would you characterize your attitude toward jazz?h.
What comments would you wish to make on the topic of jazz in Oklahoma music teacher education?5. Explain to the participant that interviews may be published, but names of the participants will not be used.
Survey Data Analysis
A variety of data analysis procedures were utilized. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were generated to summarize continuous data such as years of teaching and Likert-type scales. Frequencies and percentages were generated for categorical data such as yes-no responses.
Interview Data Analysis
Interviews were transcribed and analyzed by the researcher. A coding system was developed containing a limited number of codes relating to the topics of
exploration (Bogdan & Biklen, 1998). Each code was given an assigned number or letter. Each transcribed interview was hand coded by the researcher. Codes were examined for emerging themes that expressed the attitudes of the subjects. Two professional colleagues were asked to examine an audit trail including the transcriptions, coding, and arranging of themes to confirm accuracy and
Both quantitative data (online survey questionnaire) and qualitative data (in-depth interviews) were used to address the purpose and research questions of this study.
Participants for this study included music education program administrators from colleges and universities in Oklahoma. The questionnaire was administered to them through e-mail with a web page link. Data were analyzed in several ways, depending on the questionnaire item structure. Descriptive statistics (mean) were generated to summarize continuous data such as years of teaching and Likert-type scales. Frequencies and percentages were generated for categorical data such as yes-no responses and categories of Likert-type data. Follow-up interviews were undertaken to supplement quantitative data and provide more in-depth understanding.
Conclusions gained from this study may provide useful information for jazz educators, music educators, and music curriculum planners.
Chapter 4 Survey Results
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of jazz in music teacher education curricula in Oklahoma colleges and universities. The Jazz in Oklahoma
Music Teacher Education Survey (Appendix D) was the primary data collection instrument for this study. This online survey included “yes-no” questions, open- ended questions, Likert-type items, and fill-in charts. The music department of each institution was contacted by telephone and the name and email address of the
professor who is most knowledgeable and directly responsible for the music education program was requested. This person was used as the initial contact and was recruited by email (Appendix B). Each email included the Informed Consent Letter (Appendix C) and link to the online survey (Appendix D). Music education program administrators from all 23 institutions in Oklahoma offering a music education degree participated in this study.
Background of Oklahoma Music Education Program Administrators
The survey included eight items pertaining to Oklahoma music education program administrators’ backgrounds. These survey items specifically dealt with
demographics of participants concerning general background and jazz background. The first four survey items dealt with general background information. These items
older and majority of respondents indicated having a master’s or doctorate degree (see Table 3).
Table 3
Background of Oklahoma Music Education Program Administrators Years of Teaching
Experience Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents
0 3 13.04%
1-5 6 26.09%
6-10 6 26.09%
11-15 4 17.39%
16+ 4 17.39%
Performance Medium Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents
Voice 3 13.04%
Wind 16 69.57%
String 1 4.35%
Keyboard 2 8.70%
Percussion 1 4.35%
Age range Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents
20-29 0 0.00%
30-39 4 17.39%
40-49 10 43.48%
50-59 7 30.43%
60+ 2 8.70%
Highest Degree Earned Number of Respondents Percent of Respondents
Doctorate 15 65.22%
Masters 7 30.43%
Bachelors 1 4.35%
Diploma 0 0.00%
N=23
Ten respondents (43.48%) reported that their post-secondary education included jazz- performance experience. Thirteen respondents (56.52%) reported that their post- secondary education included jazz studies. Thirteen respondents (56.52%) stated that they have professional jazz performance experience.
Availability of Jazz Study in Oklahoma Music Teacher Education
Few jazz experiences are available in the curricula of most Oklahoma college and university music teacher education programs. Survey item 3(a-o) presented a list of
15 aspects of jazz study and instructed participants to indicate which of those aspects were available in their music education programs. A complete listing of the
availability of the 15 aspects of jazz study by each of the 23 institutions in Oklahoma offering a music education degree is available (see Appendix J). The rank order and percentage of offerings are presented in Table 4. Most institutions (91%) offer a Jazz Ensemble and Jazz Improvisation and Jazz Improvisation Pedagogy are taught in over two-thirds of institutions. However, Jazz Education Philosophy, Jazz Combo, Jazz Keyboard, Jazz Ensemble Pedagogy, and Jazz in General music are only available in little over half of Oklahoma college and university music teacher education programs (see Table 4). Many aspects of jazz study are generally not widely available in Oklahoma college and university music teacher education programs. Jazz History, Jazz Vocal Technique, Jazz Arranging, Jazz Choir, and Jazz Combo Pedagogy are offered in less than half of the institutions. History of Jazz in Oklahoma is only offered in three institutions and Jazz String Pedagogy is only offered in one institution (see Table 4).
Table 4
Rank Order of Selected Aspects of Jazz Study by Frequency of Availability
Jazz Study Item
# of Institutions
Availability % of Availability Rank
Jazz Ensemble Performance 21 91.30% 1
Jazz Improvisation Technique 17 73.91% 2
Jazz Improvisation Pedagogy 16 69.57% 3
Jazz Education Philosophy 14 60.87% 4
Jazz Combo Performance 13 56.52% 5
Jazz Keyboard 13 56.52% 5
Jazz Ensemble Pedagogy 13 56.52% 5
Jazz in General Music 13 56.52% 5
Jazz History 10 43.48% 6
Jazz Vocal Techniques 10 43.48% 6
Jazz Arranging 9 39.13% 7
Jazz Choir 7 30.43% 8
Jazz Combo Pedagogy 6 26.09% 9
History of Jazz in Oklahoma 3 13.04% 10
Jazz String Pedagogy 1 4.35% 11
N = 23
Few courses containing jazz instruction are available at Oklahoma colleges and universities offering a music education degree. Item 8a on the survey asked respondents to list the titles of courses containing jazz instruction. Each institution’s course title was defined by (a) whether the course is required for the music education degree, (b) whether the course is postgraduate, (c) years in existence, (d) whether credit is given, (e) whether the course is offered on a full year, semester, or partial semester basis, and (f) hours of instruction per week. Some course titles were
variations on traditional course titles (e.g. Jazz Ensemble = Big Band, Jazz Band, Lab Band, Stage Band). In these cases, non-traditional course titles were changed to traditional course titles. Some course titles did not fit a traditional generic course title (e.g. Comprehensive Jazz Musicianship, Sight Singing and Ear Training w/jazz emphasis). These titles were not changed. The majority of course titles listed by
participants correspond with aspects of jazz study (listed in Table 4, marked by asterisks). Jazz ensemble is the only course containing jazz instruction that is offered in more than 50% of institutions in Oklahoma offering a music education degree. Course titles that contain jazz instruction listed by Oklahoma music education
program administrators are presented in rank order according to frequency (see Table 5).
Table 5
Rank Order of Course Title Frequency in Oklahoma Music Teacher Education Institutions
Jazz Course Title # of Listings Frequency Rank
*Jazz Ensemble 20 86.96% 1
*Jazz Improvisation 11 47.83% 2
*Jazz Combo Performance 5 21.74% 3
*Jazz History 5 21.74% 3 *Jazz Arranging 3 13.04% 4 Secondary Instrumental Methods 3 13.04% 4 *Jazz Choir 3 13.04% 4 *Jazz Keyboard 2 8.70% 5
*Jazz Vocal Technique 1 4.35% 6
Jazz Guitar Ensemble 1 4.35% 6
Sight Singing & Ear Training
(Jazz Emphasis) 1 4.35% 6
Jazz Pedagogy 1 4.35% 6
Roustabouts (Show Choir) 1 4.35% 6
Comprehensive Jazz
Musicianship 1 4.35% 6
N=23
these institutions and became available at most in the last 10 years. The University of Tulsa, The University of Central Oklahoma, and Southwestern Oklahoma State University are the only three institutions in the state of Oklahoma that reported offering jazz improvisation as a course for more than 10 years. Other courses that contain jazz instruction and have been recently added to music programs include: jazz history, jazz arranging, jazz keyboard, vocal jazz techniques, comprehensive jazz musicianship, and sight singing/ear training (jazz emphasis) (See Appendix K).
All courses listed by respondents receive academic credit. Only five institutions require a course that contains jazz instruction. “Secondary Instrumental Methods,” “African American Music,” “Instrumentation,” “Sight Singing and Ear Training (Jazz Emphasis),” and “Jazz: Mirror of American Society,” were the courses listed as required by these five institutions. The University of Oklahoma was the only institution offering a course, “History of American Music,” that receives undergraduate and graduate credit (see Appendix K).
A number of institutions in Oklahoma offer four or more course listings that include jazz instruction. The central region of Oklahoma has the most institutions offering four or more courses with jazz instruction. No institution in the southeast region of the state offers more than four jazz courses (see Table 6).
Table 6
Oklahoma Music Teacher Education Institutions with the Highest Number of Jazz Course Title Offerings
Type of Institution Name of Institution
Region of Oklahoma
Number of Jazz Course Titles Offered
Private University University of Tulsa Northeast 9
State College Northern
Oklahoma College Northwest 5
State University University of
Central Oklahoma Central 5
State University Northeastern State
University Northeast 4
Private University Oklahoma
Christian
University Central 4
State University Southwestern
Oklahoma State University
Southwest 4
State University The University of
Oklahoma Central 4
N = 23
Jazz study is available at a limited number of institutions during summer jazz