Teoría del Conocimiento: Epistemología

hardly be successful, especially in the hazard-prone areas of the country. This article identifies major climate change induced-hazards, impacts and local level responses in the southern lowlands of Ethiopia and provides input for "climate proof" development interventions and policy formulation. Bibliogr., sum. [Journal abstract]

55 Adem, Seifudein

China in Ethiopia : diplomacy and economics of Sino-optimism / Seifudein Adem - In:

African Studies Review: (2012), vol. 55, no. 1, p. 143-160.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; China; international relations; foreign policy.

This article examines the motive behind China's increased activities in Ethiopia in recent years and concludes that it lies in Ethiopia's perceived diplomatic usefulness. If China's relations with many African countries could be described as one of 'infrastructure for natural resources', the Sino-Ethiopian relationship can be described 'infrastructure for diplomatic support'. After exploring the nature and scope of Ethiopia's relations with China and highlighting areas of divergence of interest, the article demonstrates how the convergence of interests between the two countries has ushered in a period of Sino-optimism among Ethiopia's elite and rising expectations among ordinary Ethiopians. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

56 Adem, Teferi Abate

The local politics of Ethiopia's green revolution in South Wollo / Teferi Abate Adem - In:

African Studies Review: (2012), vol. 55, no. 3, p. 81-102.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; agricultural extension; agricultural development; small farms; local politics.

This article argues that Ethiopia's agricultural extension programme, which received more government funding and donor support than other similar programmes in Africa, reinforced the rural presence and authoritarian powers of the ruling party while largely failing to improve smallholder agriculture. The principal reason for this outcome has to do with the systematic entanglement of the Green Revolution package delivery system with the immediate goal of guaranteeing the party's political security. In one Amharic-speaking community that provided ethnographic information for this article, overzealous party leaders rewarded supporters at the expense of imagined opponents. This distortion, coupled with a culturally embedded concept of success (defined as upward mobility), caused pervasive fear, insecurity, suspicion, and rivalry among farmers. Not surprisingly, this insecurity has a deleterious effect on hardworking farmers. The article suggests that any meaningful attempt at improving the programme must recognize the centrality of politics, especially at the community and household levels, where parochial interests interface with cultural expectations. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

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57 Ayalew, Tekalign

The emerging risks and developmental challenges to children and the youth in Ethiopia : the case of Arba Minch town / Tekalign Ayalew - In: Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities: (2012), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 47-74 : foto's, tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; child development; urban youth; social problems; offences against the person.

This study is about developmental challenges and adversities to children and youth in Arba Minch, which is one of many emerging towns in Ethiopia. Primary data for the study was collected through case stories, in-depth interviews with key informants in families, experts from concerned organizations, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observational methods. The purpose of this research is to explore how emerging risk situations within the family, community and school environments are threatening the socio-economic and intellectual development of children and youth in the town. It has been proven that many children and youth within the family, school and community environments are in increasingly adverse situations. Risk factors in the community are a high rate of substance abuse, crime and violence, unemployment, idleness, and an absence of children and youth recreational centres. The increasing presence of shops that show pornography and action videos, illicit drug use around schools, a shortage of educational input or teaching-learning facilities, an absence of variety in learning styles, student misbehaviour, and low academic achievements have made schools ineffective. The family environment has also proven to be non-conductive to positive child development due to the prevalence of child abuse, child neglect, poverty and disfunctional family situations. Bibliogr., notes, sum. [Journal abstract, edited]

58 Banteyerga, Hailom

The impact of climate change on vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia / Hailom Banteyerga and Emilia Timpo - In: Ethiopian Journal of Development Research: (2012), vol. 34, no. 1, p. 37-66.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; climate change; displaced persons; AIDS.

This study is based on primary data collected from four studies connected to climate change and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and interviews with informants working on programmes dealing with the consequences of climate change in Ethiopia. The studies were conducted from 2004 to 2009. The findings show that climate change is one of the major causes for displacement, mobility, migration and, as a consequence, vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Ethiopia is one of the countries frequently exposed to drought and shortage of food. Its efforts to prevent and control HIV/AIDS are very much undermined by climate change. Climate change causes displacement and camp life as well as resettlement of

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people to ensure food security. Harmful gender related practices are also making the prevention of HIV/AIDS difficult. The study is one of the multicountry studies on climate change and vulnerabiltiy to HIV/AIDS funded by UNAIDS, New York. It aims at reminding Ethiopia and other countries vulnerable to climate change to include HIV/AIDS in their National Adaption and Program Action (NAPA). The study recommends that some of the good practices learnt from the Dire Dawa management of the flood victims of 2006 and key activities in HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support and treatment services should be included in NAPA. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

59 Barata, Data Dea

Minority rights, culture, and Ethiopia's 'third way' to governance / Data Dea Barata - In:

African Studies Review: (2012), vol. 55, no. 3, p. 61-80.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; minority groups; self-government; ethnic groups; federalism; political ideologies.

Following a successful armed resistance against a dictatorial state regime, a new government of former rebels took control of the national state in Ethiopia in 1991. Prompted partly by unfolding sea changes in global politics in the early 1990s, the new Ethiopian government pledged to undertake radical governance reform. More than twenty years after the new government took office, contested assessments of its record vis-à-vis its human and minority rights pledge, among other issues, have generated waves of debate, criticism, controversy, and global protests. Based on observations from southern Ethiopia, this article takes an ethnographic look at both the process and the outcome of Ethiopia's experiment with ethnic self-government, with a special focus on understanding the value of minority rights as an ideological construct. Conceptually, the paper attempts to explain a disjuncture between the globally prescribed ideal of human/minority group rights and the realities of governance on the ground. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

60 Bereketeab, Redie

The complex roots of the second Eritrea-Ethiopia war: re-examining the causes / Redie Bereketeab - In: African Journal of International Affairs: (2010), vol. 13, no. 1/2, p. 15-59.

ASC Subject Headings: Eritrea; Ethiopia; war; boundary conflicts; sovereignty.

The article highlights some of the embedded causes of the second Eritrea-Ethiopia war (1998-2000) that are often glossed over. It argues that at the centre of the conflict stand different perceptions of history, identity, claims and counterclaims of State rights, the decolonization process, and nation-State formation. Beyond the minor border skirmishes of May 1998, the contested interpretation of history and identity formation, and the concomitant search for a separate identity and sovereignty, on the one hand, and denial of

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that separate identity and sovereignty, on the other, explain the Eritrea-Ethiopia conflict. In that sense the conflict revolves around the status of Eritrean independence. Moreover, two sets of the conflict – Tigray-Eritrea and Ethiopia-Eritrea – have further complicated the search for conflict settlement. The first step towards finding a lasting solution that would normalize relations between the two countries would be Ethiopia's definitive and unconditional recognition and acceptance of a separate Eritrean identity and sovereignty, including its colonial boundaries. Both the people of Tigray and of Ethiopia as a whole need to accept this reality. Secondly, Ethiopia's legitimate interest should be addressed in a manner that will not undermine Eritrea's sovereignty. Only then Ethiopia's need to have access to the sea will find a lasting solution acceptable to both sides. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

61 Berhan, Getachew

Normalized difference vegetation index and standard precipitation index parameters to monitor drought at national scale: the case of Ethiopia / Getachew Berhan ... [et al.] - In:

Ethiopian Journal of Development Research: (2012), vol. 34, no. 1, p. 67-94 : graf., krt.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; rain; droughts; remote sensing.

The main objective of this research was to characterize and identify drought incidence using both historic rainfall (RF) data and satellite-images. Based on historic RF data, four different patterns were identified. The first pattern has high average RF during July and August. In this pattern, the rain starts in March with gradual increase and reaches the maximum in July and August. The second pattern has high average RF during July and August and a secondary RF during March, April and May with highest average RF in April. The third pattern has high average RF during April and May and a secondary RF during September, October and November with highest average RF in April. The fourth pattern has RF throughout the year with relatively low average RF during December, January and February. Data from satellite sources were analyzed and compared with the historical RF records in forty stations, whereby the RF records were used as control parameters for the satellite source data. Based on this study, it is possible, with some calibration and validation, to identify and predict drought incidence in advance so that appropriate action to mitigate the adverse effects of drought can be taken. App., bibliogr., sum. [ASC Leiden abstract]

62 Gikay, Asress

The functional equivalence of purchase money security interest in civil law : an intimate model for Ethiopian law of security interests / Asress Gikay - In: Journal of African and International Law: (2013), vol. 6, no. 1, p. 79-118.

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Purchase Money Security Interest (PMSI) is one of the security devices extensively used in common law, most notably in the US, Australia and New Zealand. PMSI, prevalent in continental civil law systems in its functional equivalence, is the borrower's ability to use a supplied or purchased property as collateral to secure the price of the property so purchased or used as collateral. This form of security device is a key tool to accessing credit. As access to credit is of ultimate importance in Ethiopia, USAID recommended introducing PMSI in Ethiopia. This article reveals the concept of PMSI as a means of financing businesses, its general application and its policy and economic rationale making it imperative for a country engaged in legal reform to understand its purpose, content and impact on financing businesses. Moreover, at the heart of this analysis is a reaction to the suggestion made by USAID that Ethiopia should introduce PMSI without exposition of its content, source and reason for introducing it in Ethiopia and its compatibility with the current socio-economic setting. Notes, refs. [ASC Leiden abstract]

63 Hessebon, Gedion T.

The precarious future of the Ethiopian constitution / Gedion T. Hessebon - In: Journal of African Law: (2013), vol. 57, no. 2, p. 215-233.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; constitutions; legitimacy; constitutional reform.

The current Ethiopian Constitution suffers from a severe lack of legitimacy. It lacks legitimacy as a result of a constitution-making process that was not inclusive, as well as the subsequent serious lack of integrity and vitality of the constitutional system. Integrity refers to the degree to which constitutional practice is congruent with the constitutional text and the ideals it embodies. The vitality of a constitutional system could be understood as its demonstrated capacity to develop and grow (a good proxy would be the cannons and jurisprudence that are developed in the process of implementing, enforcing and expounding the constitution). Therefore, if the ruling party, which is also the 'author' of the constitution, were to lose its hegemonic position, which is predicated on its control of the security and military apparatus, there is a strong likelihood that there would be calls from significant political forces for a new constitution to be adopted. Such calls should not be heeded. Instead of adopting a new constitution, the current constitution's lack of legitimacy should be remedied by comprehensive constitutional reforms that would still maintain the basic architecture and cornerstones of the current constitution. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

64 Kebede, Bereket

Intra-household efficiency: an experimental study from Ethiopia / Bereket Kebede, Marcela Tarazona, Alistair Munro and Arjan Verschoor - In: Journal of African Economies: (2014), vol. 23, no. 1, p. 105-150 : graf., tab.

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A common feature of many intra-household models is the assumption of efficiency in resource allocation ('income pooling'). This paper uses an experimental design to directly test this. Data from 1,200 married couples in Ethiopia were collected in 2009 using treatments that vary initial endowments of spouses, final allocation rules and information in a voluntary contribution mechanism (VCM). Efficiency is decisively rejected in all treatments. Information improves efficiency only in some treatments, suggesting that the role of information is context dependent. Husbands' expectations of their wives' contributions are higher than their wives' actual contributions, and wives' expectations of their husbands' contributions are lower than their husbands' actual contributions. These systematic errors in expected and actual behaviour imply that the attainment of equilibrium as in a game theoretic framework is unlikely. Statistical tests indicate that instead of efficiency, other considerations are likely important. Overall, most of the empirical results cast doubt on models of the household that assume Pareto efficiency. App., bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

65 Lavers, Tom

Food security and social protection in highland Ethiopia: linking the Productive Safety Net to the land question / Tom Lavers - In: The Journal of Modern African Studies: (2013), vol. 51, no. 3, p. 459-485 : graf., tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; social security; food security; land tenure.

While much recent research on social protection in Ethiopia has focused on the cash and food-for-work Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), this is by no means the only social protection policy in rural Ethiopia. Drawing on a very different rationale to the PSNP, the Ethiopian government also justifies State land ownership as a form of social protection for smallholders. This paper examines the links between these policies through a case study of an extremely food-insecure site in Tigray. The paper concludes that while the PSNP and land policy together provide minimal security for landholders, land shortages and the problematic nature of agricultural production are such that there is little chance that the PSNP and its complementary programmes can achieve food security. As a result, the PSNP is used to support failing agricultural policies, limiting urban migration in the interests of political stability. These findings highlight the importance of situating safety net programmes within the socioeconomic context which generates insecurity. Bibliogr., notes, sum. [Journal abstract]

66 Legesse, Gizachew

Agricultural drought assessment using remote sensing and GIS techniques: a case study of East Shewa zone, Ethiopia / Gizachew Legesse - In: Ethiopian Journal of Development Research: (2012), vol. 34, no. 1, p. 95-128 : graf., krt., tab.

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ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; rain; droughts; remote sensing; crop yields.

In dry land semi-arid areas of Ethiopia, including large parts of East Shewa Zone, agricultural drought is common, and farmers inhabiting the area experience extreme temporal and spatial variability of rainfall with longer dry spells in cropping seasons. This makes them vulnerable to the risk of agricultural drought. Thus, in order to adapt to the impact of agricultural drought, spatiotemporal variation of agricultural drought patterns and severity was assessed using different drought indices with the objective of assessing agricultural drought risk and preparing agricultural drought risk zone map. Indices-based results indicate that 2000-2005 cropping seasons experience enhanced agricultural drought and yield reduction with observed spatial difference in severity level. The year 2002 was the most severe of all followed by 2000. The risk map indicates that East Shewa zone is classified into slight, moderate and severe agricultural drought risk zones covering 17.18 per cent, 41.32 per cent and 41.50 per cent of the total area, respectively. App., bibliogr., sum. [ASC Leiden abstract]

67 Lenaerts, Lutgart

”This pasture is ours since ancient times” : an ethnographic analysis of the reduction in conflicts along the post-1991 Afar-Tigray regional boundary / Lutgart Lenaerts … [et al.] - In: The Journal of Modern African Studies: (2014), vol. 52, no. 1, p. 25-44 : krt.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; boundary conflicts; land rights; regionalism; ethnic relations; government policy.

The role of post-1991 ethnic-based federalism on conflicts along regional boundaries has been a topic of great dispute in Ethiopianist literature. This article sheds new light on the on-going debate based on original ethnographic material from the Afar-Tigray regional border zone. Contrary to other studies, this article shows that conflicts appear to have reduced in that area. Two key questions are addressed: how do different groups lay future claims to land; and which role does the post-1991 government play in those claims to land and in reducing conflicts? The case study reveals that people materialize religion to lay future claims to land and that conflicts have reduced with the increased involvement of the State over the past two decades, but that this has come at a high cost and may therefore not be sustainable in the long term. Bibliogr., notes, sum. [Journal abstract]

68 Mulugeta, Messay

Resettlement and food security nexus in Ethiopia : a case from Nonno resettlement sites, Central Ethiopia : synopsis of a PhD dissertation / Messay Mulugeta - In: Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities: (2012), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 75-84 : fig.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; resettlement; food security; livelihoods; environmental management.

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This paper summarizes a dissertation whose main purpose was to investigate whether or not the current government-sponsored resettlement programme is a successful option to attain sustainable food security and improved livelihoods in rural Ethiopia. Systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used to select sample households both from the host and the resettler communities in and around the resettlement sites. Livelihood frameworks, IRR Model and different food security indices were adopted to holistically examine the overall well-being and food security status of the resettler households. The results revealed that quite a large number of the resettler households were able to produce sufficient food