CAPÍTULO V ESTRATEGIA DE PRODUCTO
5.1 Marca
5.1.4 Teoría de Colores
Unlike the US, Australia and many countries in the Middle East and Europe, there are currently no national guidelines for water reuse in Canada. At the provincial level, the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan, and the Atlantic Canada region have some form of regulatory guidance on reuse.
Although British Columbia is viewed as having vast quantities of fresh water resources, it has also had considerable experience with water reuse including range land irrigation, silviculture applications, stream augmentation and toilet flushing. The Municipal Sewage Regulation, enacted in 1999 (BC MELP, 1999), is a performance-based approach that sets standards for the treatment of municipal wastewater, water reuse, and disposal of treated effluent. Authorized uses are grouped into two categories: unrestricted public access and restricted public access, the former of which necessitates significantly higher water quality standards. The Regulation stipulates design, operation and monitoring requirements. In May 2001, the Province published a Code of Practice for the Use of Reclaimed Water (BC MELP, 2001) which serves as a guidance document for the use of reclaimed water in British Columbia and is designed to support the regulatory requirements prescribed in the Municipal Sewage Regulation.
In Alberta, municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation is a regulated activity governed under Alberta’s current Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (EPEA), and all applications for this purpose within Alberta require formal approval (Alberta Environment, 2000). Under Alberta’s EPEA, uses for municipal wastewater irrigation include: golf courses; municipal parkland and boulevards; forested woodlots under special approval consideration; and agriculture lands where used for pasture, forage, coarse grains, turf, and oil seeds. Any other crops to be considered must be first supported by scientific studies that ensure no risk to human health or the environment.
Table 4.13 Comparison of general characteristics of various water reuse guidelines and regulations (from Exall et al., 2006)
Jurisdiction Applications considered Minimum treatment
recommended Unrestricted irrigation coliform limit (per 100 mL)a
CANADA
Alberta Agricultural, landscape
irrigation Best practicable to achieve required quality
≤200 FC (geo. mean),
≤1000 TC (geo. mean) Atlantic Canada
(4 provinces) Agricultural, landscape
irrigation Secondary with six
months storage ≤200 FC, ≤1000 TC Saskatchewan Agricultural, landscape
irrigation Secondary ≤200 FC (median), ≤400 FC (2 consecutive samples) British Columbia Agricultural, landscape,
urban, industrial, environmental
Secondary with
disinfection ≤2.2 FC (median), ≤14 FC (single sample) USA
California
legislation Agric., landscape, urban, industrial, environmental, groundwater recharge
Secondary ≤2.2 TC (MPN), ≤23 TC (single sample) USEPA guidelines Agric., landscape, urban,
industrial, environmental, groundwater recharge, indirect potable
Secondary b No detectable FC (median), ≤14 FC (single sample)
INTERNATIONAL
WHO guidelines Agriculture, aquaculture Secondary+ c or waste stabilization ponds
<200 FC
a FC = fecal coliform; TC = total coliform; MPN = most probable number
b Primary treatment for surface spreading for groundwater recharge only.
c Secondary treatment followed by filtration and disinfection or by polishing ponds.
Both Saskatchewan’s “Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Guidelines” (2004) and the chapter on reclaimed water use in the Atlantic Canada Standards and Guidelines Manual (CBCL, 1996) are intended to assist the owners of wastewater treatment works and consultants considering or practicing irrigation as a method of treated wastewater reuse.
Permitted irrigation uses include food and non-food crops, and golf courses.
Water quality guidelines in Canadian provinces engaged in water reuse typically include pathogens and chemical and physical constituents such as organics, nutrients, metals, suspended solids and residual chlorine. Applications, treatment and quality criteria in the provinces are compared with those of other jurisdictions in Table 4.13.
More recent institutional developments include a Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard (Bill 128), for the "Design and Installation of Non-Potable Water Systems/Maintenance and Field Testing of Non-Potable Water Systems“. For the first time, Canada has a standard for dual plumbing for non potable water systems, though provinces will need to adopt (or not adopt) these individually into their respective codes of practice.
Also, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment has led a draft “Canadian Guidelines for Household Reclaimed Water for Use in Toilet and Urinal Flushing” to support the above Standard. Consultation on this draft ended in November 2007 and new national guidance on this issue is expected soon.
4.3 Summary
As a whole, Canada enjoys abundant water resources, but regional disparities exist and water shortages do occur. In order to meet increasing water demands while protecting sensitive receiving waters from wastewater effluents, water reuse is slowly being adopted. Examples of both decentralized and centralized water reuse projects have been discussed, with applications ranging from toilet flushing and industrial water use to agricultural land and landscape irrigation. A number of provinces have developed guidance documents for water reuse and while no general national water reuse guidelines have been produced to date, standards and guidelines for specific reuse applications are being developed.
4.4 Acknowledgement
The authors of this chapter would like to thank sincerely the excellent review and editing of the manuscript by the WateReuse Association. Their contributions are extensive and, without their help, this chapter could not have been published.
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