C APÍTULO 1
1.3.10. La teoría del desarrollo endógeno
photovoltaics, wind energy systems, water collection, etc.) 7.7
8 . . . Research on façade design strategies and technologies to allow for natural ventilation in tall buildings
19 . . . Research on the design and performance of double-skin and multi-layer façades in tall buildings (including performance in different climates, examination of case studies, life-cycle cost implications, etc.)
4.3 3.3 7.6 4.1 3.0 7.2
7 . . . Research on the performance of the façade in fire scenarios (including testing, impact on façade brackets, use of fire protection, etc.) 10 . . . Research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in tall buildings
20 . . . Research on the performance and design of compartmentation junctions between floors and façades in tall buildings 25 . . . Research and testing of façade performance in earthquake and building motion scenarios
30 . . . Research on blast and projectile impact on tall building façades (including mitigation, resistant constructions, etc.)
4.3 3.3 7.6 4.2 3.4 7.6 3.9 3.2 7.1 4.0 2.9 7.0 3.7 3.2 6.8
13 . . . Research examining safety and failure modes of tall building façade materials and systems (including glazing failure/falling, reliability of heat- treated products, etc.)
15 . . . Research on the durability of façade materials and components in tall buildings (including establishing material/component life-spans, impact of geographical location and local weather/atmospheric conditions, etc.)
4.2 3.2 7.3 4.1 3.1 7.2
It is important to note that these topics related to the research and development of innovative and non-standard products and systems are primarily concerned with improving the environmental performance of tall building façades, and this is reflected in the second-highest ranked topic “Research to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building façades.” This includes specific calls for research on the development of new materials and products, including vacuum-insulation panels, highly insulating but thin cladding products, improved thermal performance of framing components, etc.
“What I read from the responses in Cladding and Skin is that the over-riding concern expressed was for improvements to façade ‘performance,’ which I interpret to mean ‘environmental
performance.’ The application of ‘non-standard’ systems and materials was one way to potentially accomplish this goal.”
Peter Weismantle, AS+GG Architecture, Chicago, USA
A further trend apparent in the results is the desire for research on tall building façades beyond their day-to-day performance, encompassing sustainability across the entirety of their life-cycle. This is a theme that is repeated in multiple fields across the Roadmap (and specifically in Building Materials and Products, and Sustainable Design, Construction and Operation – see pages 75 and 81), and gives significant priority to topics such as establishing the embodied energy of tall building façades, retrofitting and recladding of tall building façades, and using sustainable, recycled and reused materials. These topics also received the highest immaturity scores in the field, denoting the need for development in order to improve knowledge, understanding and information in these realms.
Research related to the multi-hazard resistance of tall building façades was scattered throughout the rankings, with “Research on the performance of the façade in fire scenarios” and “Research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in tall buildings” receiving the highest priority scores in this subcategory. Topics related to façade performance in earthquake, blast and projectile impact scenarios were considered a much lower priority by those who responded to the questionnaire.
Results Broken Down by Questionnaire Responders
Responders who completed the second questionnaire in this section have a professional background in the following disciplines:
Academia/University/Research 28%
Industry: Architecture/Urban Planning 22%
Industry: Other (mostly Engineering) 51%
74 | Cladding and Skin
Results by Professional Background
Other than academics (who make up just over a quarter of responders), it is important to note that those who completed the questionnaire are predominantly represented by architects, engineers and consultants who have been involved in built/future tall building projects and as such have a
“hands on” knowledge in the field. A significant deficiency in the results is the lack of feedback received from building owners, managers and tenants (i.e., those who occupy and manage the building during its life), although their response was limited in all the Roadmap categories.
Listed below are the three highest-scoring topics from responders in the other consultancy (mostly engineering), academic and architecture/
urban planning realms respectively:
Industry: Other (mostly Engineering)
• Research on the design, construction and performance of dynamic/active façade systems in tall buildings (8.2)
• Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building façades (8.2) • Research on façade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.2)
Academia/University/Research
• Research to establish the embodied energy of tall building façades (8.4)
• Research on the design, construction and performance of dynamic/active façade systems in tall buildings (8.3) • Research on the use of sustainable, recycled and reused materials in tall building façades (8.3)
Industry: Architecture/Urban Planning
• Research on façade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.6) • Research to establish the embodied energy of tall building façades (8.2)
• Research on the optimization of transparent elements in tall building façades, and strategies to balance the factors they regulate (8.1)
Across all professional backgrounds, there was a general prioritization of research concerned with the sustainability performance of tall building façades. However, it is notable that while those in the academic realm gave higher priority to life-cycle sustainability issues (such as embodied energy and the use of sustainable and recycled materials), those in the other consultancy realm gave priority to innovative materials and systems such as dynamic and energy-generating envelopes. Responders from an engineering background gave greater priority to research on the performance of the façade in fire scenarios, as compared to the other groups.
Results by Geographical Area
The locations of building/research projects with which responders are involved are based across a wide range of geographical areas, with Europe, North America and Asia almost evenly represented, embracing approximately 75% of all responses. Outlined below are the three highest-scoring topics for these three best-represented regions:
Europe
• Research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in tall buildings (7.8)
• Research on the performance and design of compartmentation junctions between floors and façades in tall buildings (7.7) • Research to develop strategies and products to improve the thermal performance of tall building façades (7.6)
North America
• Research on façade-integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.5)
• Research on the interactions between, and the integration of, tall building façades with space conditioning and HVAC systems (7.9) • Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building façades (7.9)
Asia
• Research on the use of sustainable, recycled and reused materials in tall building façades (8.7) • Research on façade integrated energy generation and collection systems in tall buildings (8.6)
• Research on the use of innovative/advanced materials and cladding systems in tall building façades (8.5)
Of note here is the perceived need for research on fire performance and smoke control of double-skin assemblies in the European context, likely due to the prominence of this façade technology in the region. In North America there seems to be a preference for research on innovative façade materials and systems, which is also mirrored in the responses from those whose work is predominantly in the Asian region.