Teorías sobre la Implementación de Políticas Públicas

The building generates electricity on-site in two ways: cogeneration and solar electric. Both increase energy efficiency while decreasing emissions. The cogeneration plant produces a substantial amount of the building’s power (about 30 percent) while recapturing the building’s waste heat, which then is used for domestic hot water and snowmelt systems.269

A roof-mounted solar PV system produces less than 1 percent of the building’s power demand. Nine hundred solar panels make up the 31.5-kW system; their sloped glass surfaces immediately shed snow to maximize energy production.270

Along with natural ventilation, daylighting contributes to occupant comfort and the indoor environmental quality of the building. “The atrium in the center is skylit which allows for indirect light into all of the offices and circulation spaces around it,” said Lankenau. “It’s almost like a donut shape, with office spaces on the outside. Because of the center atrium, natural light enters the office spaces and the labs from both the inside and the outside. We also used light shelves to bounce the light back off the ceilings to a greater depth within the space. We designed the lighting so it’s tied to photocells. It automatically adjusts lighting levels as it senses the natural light levels in the spaces.”271

Other sustainable features at TCES include:

• a rainwater storage system which harvests and purifies water for toilet flushing

• low-flow plumbing fixtures, dual-flush toilets, water-free urinals • structural concrete with 25 percent fly-ash content.272

Sustainability was always a project goal, but the initial goal was to achieve a LEED Silver rating. “Our goal was this: if there was ever a choice between good design practice and attaining a LEED credit, we would always choose the good design practice. We would never design something just to attain a LEED credit,” said Lankenau.273

“We had reached a stage in the project where we were at Silver without really pushing the envelope at all. We hadn’t done anything special. We decided to set Platinum as our goal and see what good design features we could work into the building that would be still cost-effective, to achieve that goal.”274

Instead of designing things and making additions just to achieve credits, the team focused on efficiency and refinements. “Our thinking

was that, since we’re so close on so many of the credits, if we refine the design toward what is a good design, that’s even better,” said Lankenau. “We did that by continually going back and refining things. An example of that is the ductwork. Every time there’s an elbow in ductwork, it creates a static pressure drop, which makes the fan work a little bit harder, which in turn consumes additional power. We went through a whole exercise of looking at the mechanical system in the building and eliminating every conceivable elbow that wasn’t necessary. We reached the goal of Platinum merely by going to that level of detail.”275

That strategy proved effective in terms of both the rating and the economics. Jim Steinmann of Sierra Nevada College: “We were able to achieve a LEED Platinum certification in a laboratory building, on a site which receives 200 in (508 cm) of snow a year, at 6,300 ft (1,920 m) above sea level, while working with one of the strictest regulatory agencies in the country, for only $1.1 million [$23.50/ sq ft] beyond what we would have spent for a LEED Silver building.”276

TABLE 7.20

Energy use, 2010

Annual use Intensity Utility electricity 261,440 kWh 5.6 kWh/sq ft Cogeneration electricity 127,672 2.7

Photovoltaics 30,169 0.6

Gas (to boiler) 31,273 0.7

Total 450,554 9.6 kWh/sq m

103 kWh/sq m

At a glance

Name: Tahoe Center for Environmental Sciences Location: Incline Village, Nevada

Size: 47,000 sq ft (4,366 sq m) Completed: August 2006 Construction cost: US$25 million Distinction: LEED-NC Platinum

Program: Academic Laboratory and Classrooms

Project team

Owner: Sierra Nevada College and UC Davis Architect: Collaborative Design Studio

Structural engineer: John A. Martin & Associates of NV Mechanical engineer: Rumsey Engineers, Inc.

TWELVE WEST, Portland, Oregon

Twelve West is a twenty-three-story mixed-use building in Portland, Oregon. Designed and partially occupied by ZGF Architects LLP (ZGF), the project achieved two LEED Platinum ratings and exceeds the 2030 Challenge benchmarks for 2009 with a 50 percent reduction in both energy and water use. Twelve West includes many sustainability features but it is known to locals as “that wind-turbine building,” owing to the four rooftop turbines.277

Named a “Top Ten” green project in 2010 by the American Institute of Architects’ (AIA) Committee on the Environment (COTE), the building earned two LEED Platinum certifications, one under LEED’s New Construction scheme and the other under the LEED for Commercial Interiors for ZGF’s office space.

The building uses the Pacific Northwest’s abundant natural resources—wood, concrete, and a mild climate—to create an open, daylit space designed to foster connection between the occupants. John Breshears, an architect at ZGF, said the new workspace is “light-filled, not glare-y, spacious, and comfortable. Conversations and interactions are happening now that wouldn’t have happened in our old, cramped space. And that’s changing how we do our jobs.”278

Having completed more than forty LEED buildings across the USA, ZGF was an early leader in adopting sustainable design.279 _Upon

outgrowing their former offices in a nineteenth-century warehouse- style building in Old Town Portland, the firm decided that it was time to move.280

“We wanted to be on a site that would help revitalize a re- emerging neighborhood,” said Eugene Sandoval, ZGF Partner and lead designer for the project. “That brings with it the responsibility to achieve a balance between life and work, which is the whole idea of mixed use. We also wanted to combine rental housing with an architectural office and retail—and do it well as a ‘hybrid’ building.”281

The site was formerly an underused 20,000-sq-ft (1,858-sq-m) surface parking area with a derelict one-story building.282_{Today, the}

building is an anchor for Portland’s up-and-coming West End neighborhood.283

On the first floor, double-story retail spaces with large street-level windows share space with the building’s office and residential lobbies. From the main lobby, a steel and wood staircase hovers suspended above the floor and leads to ZGF’s reception area. ZGF’s offices

occupy Floors 2–5 in an open floor layout. The spacious, light-filled office features custom-designed workstations, thirteen conference rooms, a library, model shop, six balconies, and two outdoor decks. Reflecting the building’s connection to the Pacific Northwest, wood is used throughout: floors, paneling, stair treads, and doors.284

On the upper seventeen floors are the “Indigo @ Twelve West” apartments, with 273 units ranging from 541 to 2,125 sq ft (50 to 197 sq m) including penthouse homes on three floors. To maximize natural light, living spaces are oriented along a floor-to-ceiling glass curtain wall. Design and materials optimize daylight with exposed concrete, operable windows, balconies, and natural ventilation. There are low-flow plumbing fixtures and Energy Star appliances in each unit. Shared amenities include a twenty-one-seat screening theater, a workout room, a 700-sq-ft (65-sq-m) glass-walled rooftop room with a fireplace, and a rooftop deck with fire pits and barbecues.285

“Its architecture is contemporary—and stunning—and yet the design of the skin and how they put the different components of the building together is equally exciting to me, both for the exterior and

interior. Twelve West is a pioneering project within an emerging neighborhood,” said project developer Mark Edlen.286

Pre-Design

The project’s success can be attributed largely to the design process. An office-wide “culture charrette” asked ZGF employees questions such as: How do we increase interaction and make the most of public space? How can the office foster further innovation? Feedback led to design-team brainstorming and collaboration on ways to improve overall productivity and work quality, which informed the overall scheme.287_{Having dual roles as both the client and the architect, ZGF}

selected a group of employees—diverse in gender, longevity, job function, and personality—to work with the design team as the client.288

The dual-role relationship was not without its challenges. “There were definitely too many chefs in the kitchen,” said Breshears. The in-house “client” team got to participate in the creative exploration process usually reserved for outside clients.289

Through a series of design charrettes, the project team outlined important project goals, including:

• create a structure that unites the live, work, learn, and play components of the building

• construct a transparent building—inviting and active—that connects the building’s inhabitants to the urban landscape, while taking advantage of natural light

• accommodate exterior gardens and terraces for areas of interaction and respite

• integrate advanced and symbiotic sustainable building systems to promote resource conservation

• design residences for lease that maximize space, light, and views and include luxurious amenities along with energy savings.290

Initially, Glumac (the MEP engineer) generated seventy different energy and carbon reduction strategies for the building, which were later narrowed to twenty-five possible solutions. Energy modeling was

7.40 Far Left: Twelve West serves