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A simple example of a ‘social evaluation’ occurs when a person or entity is asked to make (even a relatively small) allocation of one’s own resources to a third party (i.e. give something to a charity or to an underprivileged individual). Unless predisposed to either an overwhelmingly negative or positive response, a quick thought process often determines if the potential donor will actually make a donation in that particular case. Questions that may arise are:

1. Does the charity or individual really need this or could they do it without my donation?

2. Will the receiver use the donation wisely or squander it? 3. Do I need this ‘donated resource’ more that the receiver?

4. Does my ‘view of the world’ (i.e. my ideology) inform me that the receiver should be able to ‘exist and prosper’ without my support, or otherwise? We saw in section 2.7.3, the case of WCG [20] and SNAC [27] that human committees are used to make similar decisions. The value of the resource to be allocated may be quite high and there may be a need for accountability and transparency. In such decisions, there may be discreet, subtle but important differences between the entities in question. Reproducing this complicated and nuanced thought process in a computer program is clearly difficult, as is any attempt to imitate any form of reasoning or intelligence. For this reason, the actual allocation is often left to human reasoning and decision making.

Whether carried out by humans or machine, resource allocation decisions are often made with incomplete information. In this case, an alternative thought process used for making an allocation decision may be to establish if the benefiting entity

appears to be similar to other entities known to the decision maker. This leads to the question “is the background, behaviour and description similar to others I know of, or to my own?”

The motivation for compiling social profiles as a means of describing actors is to contribute towards a solution of an economic and social allocation problem, but in a way which respects the requirements of owners of work and resources. These requirements include social and economic considerations and outlooks.

In the context of the vision outlined for SGAs in section 3.4, page 53, where 100s or possibly 1000s of SGAs occupy an environment, and where an agent owner is an entity such as an institution or enterprise (producing or consuming computing services), it is envisioned that the social profile associated with (and embedded in ) each agent will be its social and economic description. Each SGA will start out with its own, and in time, these will be exchanged and distributed throughout the entire system as agent interactions take place.

5.2.1

Social and Economic Differences

To illustrate examples of different social and economic outlooks, different types of resources which may be suitable for addressing large computing challenges are briefly discussed below.

1. Commercial enterprises: A commercial enterprise invests capital in computer resources. The resources may be used internally or rented to external users. It is likely that the owner’s focus will be on maximising investment return or utility for their own benefit.

2. Public investments: Governments invest in large computational resources for scientific and academic institutions, doing so for the long-term benefit of society. The resources are owned and controlled by the institutions. Usage may be restricted to educational and research work but society in general may benefit from the results achieved.

their privately owned computer to be used by a third party project. However, they may exercise discretion when choosing how their computer will be used. They may require, for example, that the work aims to bring a humanitarian benefit or increased scientific knowledge and they may be concerned about who will benefit from the outcome and how it will be used.

4. Environmental factors: Institutes, groups and corporations who are sensitive to the impact of their carbon footprint may have a preference for using com- puter resources which are powered (to varying degrees) using renewable energy. This criterion may be critical for both providers and users of commercial and volunteered resources [61].

Considering the cost, impact and potential benefits of accessing such computing resources, owners are likely to have preferences, aspirations and rules which will determine how their resources should be used. Owners of work may also have similar preferences. The following questions may arise:

1. Why are the resources being provided or why is the work being done? Who benefits and do they need and deserve those benefits?

2. What are the remuneration and cost expectations? Is the work not-for-profit? What is the financial status of the owner of the work?

3. What policies and ideological orientations exist which may influence alloca- tions? Is there a preference for commercial, educational, humanitarian or sci- entific work?

Matching resources and work based on technical requirements such as memory requirements, CPU architecture and bandwidth can be done using a Boolean match- making mechanism such as Classad [110] or similar (as discussed in sections 2.7 and 3.2.2). However, matching based on social and economic outlooks and attempting to capture answers to some of the above questions presents a different challenge. A new approach is needed to accommodate the larger number of considerations which need to be dealt with.